不同季节秸秆还田配施氮肥对苏打盐碱稻田生产力的影响

Effects of Straw Returning in Different Seasons and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Productivity of Saline-sodic Rice Fields

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 旨在探索不同季节秸秆还田与氮肥配施对盐碱稻田生产力的影响，明确苏打盐碱地区秸秆还田的最佳季节和秸秆还田下的最佳施氮水平，为提高盐碱地生产力以及大面积推广盐碱地水稻秸秆还田提供理论依据。
    方法 通过2年大田试验，采用裂区设计，主区为不同季节秸秆还田，分别为春季秸秆还田和秋季秸秆还田，还田量为8 t hm−2，副区为施氮水平，纯氮施用量分别为0、90、180、270和360 kg hm−2，测定了土壤团聚体平均重量直径、几何平均直径、饱和电导率、交换性钠、有机质和水稻产量等指标。
    结果 与春季秸秆还田相比，秋季秸秆还田显著增加了 > 2 mm粒级的团聚体占比，分别增加了7.96%（2020 年）和7.90%（2021年）；显著增加了土壤全氮和有机质含量，但显著降低了土壤饱和电导率、交换性钠和碱化度。在相同秸秆还田条件下，施用氮肥显著增加了 > 0.25 mm粒级团聚体的占比，显著降低了 < 0.053 mm粒级团聚体的占比。此外，施用氮肥显著影响了土壤有机质、全氮、团聚体的平均重量直径和几何平均直径，但在相同的秸秆还田条件下，施氮量270 kg hm−2和360 kg hm−2之间无显著差异。与春季秸秆还田相比，秋季秸秆还田的水稻产量显著增加了4.76%（2020年）和6.62%（2021年）。在相同秸秆还田处理下，水稻产量随施氮量呈先增后减的趋势，在270 kg hm−2下达到最大值，分别为7.77 t hm−2（春季）和8.01 t hm−2（秋季）。
    结论 在苏打盐碱稻区，秋季秸秆还田对于土壤结构改良、土壤肥力和稻田生产力提升的效果更佳，其中在秋季秸秆还田条件下，水稻生长季施用270 kg hm−2的氮肥为宜。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective This study mainly investigated the effects of straw returning in different seasons and nitrogen fertilizer application on productivity of saline-sodic rice fields, clarified the optimal season of straw returning and the optimal level of nitrogen application under straw returned in saline-sodic areas, and provided theoretical basis for improving the productivity of saline-sodic fields as well as large-scale popularization of straw returning in saline-sodic areas.
    Method Through a two-year field experiment using a split-zone design, the main plots were two residue management treatments: spring straw returning treatment, and autumn straw returning treatment. The amount of straw returned to the field was 8 t hm−2. Subplots were five different nitrogen levels of 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg hm−2, respectively. Soil aggregates mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter, saturated conductivity, exchangeable sodium, organic matter and rice yield were measured.
    Result Compared with spring straw returning, autumn straw returning significantly increased the percentage of aggregates of ≥ 2 mm particle size by 7.96% and 7.90% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Meanwhile, autumn straw returning significantly increased the total soil nitrogen and organic matter, and also significantly decreased the soil saturated conductivity, exchangeable sodium and alkalinity. Under the same straw returning condition, the application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the percentage of > 0.25 mm grain-size aggregates and decreased the percentage of < 0.053 mm grain-size aggregates. In addition, nitrogen application significantly increased the soil organic matter, total nitrogen, mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter of soil aggregates, but under the same straw returning condition, there was no significant difference between the nitrogen application rates of 270 kg hm−2 and 360 kg hm−2. Rice yield significantly increased by 4.76% (2020) and 6.62% (2021) under autumn straw returning compared to spring straw returning. Under the same straw returning treatment, rice yield showed an increasing and then decreasing trend with nitrogen application, reaching the maximum at 270 kg hm−2, which were 7.77 t hm−2 (spring) and 8.01 t hm−2 (autumn) respectively.
    Conclusion In saline-sodic rice area, autumn straw returning had better effects on soil structure improvement, soil fertility and paddy productivity enhancement. Under the condition of autumn straw returning, 270 kg hm−2 of nitrogen fertilizer was suitable for rice growing season.

     

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