Abstract: At present, the restoration of cadmium pollution in farmland soil is based on reducing the cadmium (Cd) content in brown rice, while ignoring the key soil physical, chemical and biological indicators of its change. Based on statistical methods including analysis of variance, multiple regression analysis, path analysis, random forest and structural equation model, the importance rankings of 23 soil indices to soil available Cd and brown rice Cd were analyzed. The results showed that the application of soil conditioners improved soil pH, bulk density and CEC, changed soil texture composition, increased the proportion of large-size aggregates, affected the microbial environment, and effectively reduced the contents of soil Cd and brown rice Cd, but inhibited a part of enzyme activities and the number of microorganisms. Through stepwise regression analysis, soil pH and actinomycetes explained 64.32% changes in soil available Cd, CEC, available potassium, available phosphorus (P) and invertase explained 82.10% changes in brown rice Cd. Path analysis showed that large-size aggregates, SOM, clay, sand, actinomycetes and fungi greatly directly affected soil available Cd and brown rice Cd. Random forests showed that soil pH was the dominant factor affecting soil available Cd and brown rice Cd. The structural equation model showed that the brown rice Cd was mainly affected by soil pH, SOM, CEC and available P, and the soil available Cd was mainly affected by soil enzyme activities and microbial quantity. Different analysis methods had different focuses. In general, pH, CEC, available P and SOM showed the greatest influences on the Cd content of brown rice. While, pH, actinomycetes and SOM had the greatest influences on soil available Cd.