Effect of Long-term Fertilization on Phosphorus Fraction and Availability in Fluvo-Aquic Soil
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摘要: 研究长期定位施肥对潮土各形态磷含量变化及磷有效性的影响，为潮土合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。长期定位施肥试验开始于1990年，设CK（不施肥）、N2（单施尿素）、N2P（不施钾肥）、N2K（不施磷肥）、N1PK（低量氮肥和磷钾肥）、N2PK（平衡施肥）、N3PK（中高量施肥）、N4PK（高量氮肥和磷钾肥）、N2PKM（化肥和有机肥）、N2PKS（化肥和玉米秸秆还田）10个处理；采用Tiessen-Moir磷素分级法测定各施肥处理土壤不同形态磷含量，用常规方法测定有效磷、全磷含量，分析不同形态磷含量间的相关性。结果表明：经过28年定位施肥处理，N2PKM处理土壤各形态磷含量为盐酸态磷（HCl-P）> 残留态磷（Residual-P）> 氢氧化钠无机磷（NaOH-Pi）> 氢氧化钠有机磷（NaOH-Po）> 碳酸氢钠无机磷（NaHCO3-Pi）> 水溶性磷（Resin-Pi）> 碳酸氢钠有机磷（NaHCO3-Po）。在各施肥处理间，N2P、N1PK、N2PK、N3PK、N4PK、N2PKM、N2PKS处理土壤Resin-Pi、NaHCO3-Pi和NaOH-Pi含量显著高于CK、N2、N2K处理，而处理间NaHCO3-Po、NaOH-Po、HCl-P和Residual-P含量差异不显著。除NaOH-Po外，其它形态磷含量与供试土壤有效磷、全磷含量呈极显著相关，其中Resin-Pi对有效磷贡献最大，说明Resin-Pi是最有效的磷源。供试土壤条件下，合理配施化肥有机肥，可以激发磷素后效，使积累磷素向有效态转化，施用有机肥料能显著提高土壤中各磷组分含量，其中有机无机配施处理（N2PKM）提高程度高于单施化肥（N2PK)，施用秸秆处理的各磷组分含量同样显著高于不施肥和化肥处理，且施用有机肥和秸秆处理(N2PKS）的中活性和中等活性磷均与土壤速效磷、全磷呈显著正相关，可在潮土上施用有机肥或秸秆处理，从而保持高比例的土壤有效磷库。
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关键词:
- 长期定位施肥 /
- 潮土 /
- Tiessen磷分级 /
- 磷素形态 /
- 有效性
Abstract: The changes of various fractions of phosphorus (P) separated with Tiessen-Moir method and its availability under long-term fertilization were investigated, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable application of P fertilizers in the Fluvo-aquic soil. Different fertilization treatments included no fertilization (control, CK), single application of urea (N2), no potassium (K) fertilizer (N2P); no P fertilizer (N2K), low amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer combined with P and K fertilizers (N1PK), balanced fertilization (N2PK), medium or high amount of fertilizers (N3PK), high amount of N fertilizer combined with P and K fertilizers (N4PK), chemical combined with organic fertilizers (N2PKM), chemical fertilizers combined with corn straw returning (N2PKS). The correlation between soil P and available P and total P were analyzed. After 28 years of different fertilization treatments, the P fraction contents in the N2PKM treatment were decreased in the order of hydrochloric acid extractable P (HCl-P) > residual P (Residual-P) > sodium hydroxide extractable inorganic P (NaOH-Pi) > sodium hydroxide extractable organic P (NaOH-Po) > sodium bicarbonate extractable inorganic P (NaHCO3-Pi) > Water-soluble P (Resin-Pi)> sodium bicarbonate extractable organic P (NaHCO3-Po). Compared with CK, N2, and N2K treatments, N2P, N1PK, N2PK, N3PK, N4PK, N2PKM and N2PKS treatments significantly increased the contents of Resin-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Pi, while the contents of NaHCO3-Po, NaOH- Po, HCl-P and Residual-P were not significant among different treatments. Except for NaOH-Po, the correlations among the contents of the other P fractions, available P and total P in the soil were significant. The contribution of Resin-Pi to available P was the most, indicating that Resin-Pi was the most effective source of P. The application of organic fertilizers significantly increased the contents of various P fractions in the soil, especially in the N2PKM compared with N2PK treatments. The contents of various P fractions in the N2PKS treatment were also significantly higher than those in the chemical fertilizer application treatments. The contents of soil medium and medium active P were significantly correlated with those of available P and total P in the organic fertilizer and straw treatments(N2PKS). Organic fertilizer or straw could be applied to fluvo-aquic soil to maintain a high percentage of soil available P pool. -
图 1 不同定位施肥处理耕层土壤无机磷组分磷含量
水溶性磷Resin-P（A）；碳酸氢钠无机磷NaHCO3-Pi（B）；氢氧化钠无机磷NaOH-Pi（C）；稀盐酸无机磷D.HCl-Pi（D）；浓盐酸无机磷C.HCl-Pi（E）
Figure 1. Treatment of the phosphorus content of the inorganic phosphorus component of the cultivated soil by fertilization at different locations
图 2 潮土28年不同施肥处理下耕层土壤各有机磷组分磷含量
碳酸氢钠有机磷NaHCO3-Po（A）；氢氧化钠有机磷NaOH-Po（B）；浓盐酸有机磷C.HCl-Po（C）；残留态磷Residual-P（D）
Figure 2. Phosphorus content of each organic phosphorus fraction in the cultivated soil under the application of different fertilization treatments to Fluvo-Aquic soil for 28 years
图 3 不同施肥处理下土壤全磷含量
Figure 3. Soil total phosphorus content under different fertilization treatments
表 1 各磷素形态之间的相关关系
Table 1. Correlation between various phosphorus fractions
磷形态
Phosphorus
fraction(水溶
性磷)
Resin-Pi(碳酸氢钠
无机磷)
NaHCO3-Pi(碳酸氢钠
有机磷)
NaHCO3-Po(氢氧化钠
无机磷)
NaOH-Pi(氢氧化钠
有机磷)
NaOH-Po(稀盐酸
无机磷)
D.HCl-Pi(浓盐酸
无机磷)
C.HCl-Pi(浓盐酸
有机磷)
C.HCl-Po(残留
态磷)
Residual-PResin-Pi
(水溶性磷)1 0.939** 0.708** 0.941** 0.205 0.801** 0.690** 0.605** 0.745** NaHCO3-Pi
(碳酸氢钠无机磷)1 0.814** 0.965** 0.316 0.926** 0.709** 0.615** 0.712** NaHCO3-Po
(碳酸氢钠有机磷)1 0.765** 0.540** 0.763** 0.410* 0.279 0.480** NaOH-Pi
(氢氧化钠无机磷)1 0.342 0.841** 0.640** 0.569** 0.697** NaOH-Po
(氢氧化钠有机磷)1 0.221 −0.099 −0.138 0.046 D.HCl-Pi
(稀盐酸无机磷)1 0.710** 0.593** 0.652** C.HCl-Pi
(浓盐酸无机磷)1 0.953** 0.586** C.HCl-Po
(浓盐酸有机磷)1 0.476** Residual-P
(残留态磷)1 注：*和**分别表示0.05和0.01水平显著相关。 
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表 2 各磷素形态与土壤有效磷、全磷、有机质间的相关系数
Table 2. Correlation between various phosphorus fractions and available phosphorus, total phosphorus and organic matter
磷形态
Phosphorus fraction全磷
(Total phosphorus)速效磷
(Olsen-P)有机质
(Organic matter)Resin-Pi (水溶性磷) 0.858** 0.909** 0.556** NaHCO3-Pi (碳酸氢钠无机磷) 0.941** 0.873** 0.630** NaHCO3-Po (碳酸氢钠有机磷) 0.807** 0.674** 0.542** NaOH-Pi (氢氧化钠无机磷) 0.879** 0.851** 0.613** NaOH-Po (氢氧化钠有机磷) 0.269 0.268 0.186 D.HCl-Pi (稀盐酸无机磷) 0.939** 0.727** 0.580** C.HCl-Pi (浓盐酸无机磷) 0.714** 0.640** 0.462** C.HCl-Po (浓盐酸有机磷) 0.619** 0.555** 0.370* Residual-P (残留态磷) 0.609** 0.789** 0.725** 全磷 (Total phosphorus) 1 0.731** 0.551** 速效磷 (Olsen-P) 1 0.620** 有机质 (Organic matter) 1 注：*和**分别表示0.05和0.01水平显著相关。
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