Abstract: The protection of black soil in Northeast China is of great significance for building a new pattern of cultivated land protection and national food security. Based on the analysis of the connotation of black soil protection from the integrated angle of the quantity, quality and ecology, the survey data of typical black soil obtained from provincial, county and village levels from 2017 to 2019 was analyzed to conduct an empirical research by using the methods of statistical analysis, comparative analysis and summary. The results showed that, decreasing trend for the quantity of black land was obvious mostly due to construction occupation. The quality degradation was also serious mainly due to lack of organic input. The ecological environment was deteriorated largely due to water and wind erosion. The realistic obstacles mainly come from “different opinions” of local government, “powerless” of farmers and “lack of effective coordination”. Based on the above research results, it is suggested that initiative should be setup at local government level to change the land use modes for realizing quantity control of cultivated land in the black soil area. It is also necessary to establish black soil resource protection area by strengthening the enforcement and supervision of cultivated land protection. In addition, in order to realize the quality management, subsidy policies of direct economic compensation to farmers for cultivated land protection should be laid down in terms of ecological conservation by “market-oriented” trading mechanism of soil carbon. For the purpose of realizing the ecological management, the effectiveness of inter departmental coordination mechanisms should be enforced from the aspects of integrating various agricultural related funds, coordinating construction projects and establishing the cooperative system of government functional departments.