油菜－烤烟轮作体系中油菜秸秆还田方式及钾肥减量对烤烟钾素利用效率的影响

Effects of Rape Straw Returning Method and Reduction of Potassium Fertilizer on Potassium Use Efficiency of Tobacco in Tobacco-rape Rotation

    摘要
  • 摘要:
      目的  在烤烟－油菜轮作体系下，探讨油菜秸秆还田对烤烟化学钾肥减量的潜力，研究秸秆还田后烤烟钾肥的利用效率，为该轮作体系下秸秆资源化利用及钾肥减量提供科学依据和技术参考。
      方法  试验针对一年两熟制的烤烟－油菜轮作模式，以K326品种烤烟和油菜秸秆为试验材料，通过田间定位试验，设置不同N、P、K化肥用量和秸秆直接还田（S）和腐熟后还田（DS）8个处理：（1）NP；（2）NPK（对照）；（3）NP + 85%K + S；（4）NP + 70%K + S；（5）NP + 55%K + S；（6）NP + 85%K + DS；（7）NP + 70%K + DS；（8）NP + 55%K + DS，分析不同处理对烤烟产量、产值、钾素吸收量、钾肥利用率及土壤钾素平衡的影响。
      结果  油菜秸秆腐熟还田减施钾肥30%处理烤烟产值最高，两年产值分别为78662 元 hm−2和81071 元 hm−2。秸秆腐熟后还田处理的烤烟钾素吸收总量要高于秸秆直接还田处理，秸秆腐熟后还田减施钾肥30%处理最高。两种还田方式连续秸秆还田后，有利于提高钾肥利用率，秸秆腐熟后还田处理的钾肥利用率高于秸秆直接还田处理。两种秸秆还田方式在减施化学钾肥15 ~ 30%时，土壤钾素盈余仍高于对照处理，最高为秸秆直接还田减施钾肥15%处理。
      结论  在烤烟－油菜轮作模式下，秸秆直接还田和秸秆腐熟后还田均可减少烤烟季化学钾肥投入量30%，采用秸秆腐熟还田烤烟的产量、产值和钾肥利用率等均要好于秸秆直接还田。

     

    Abstract:
      Objective  Effects of straw returning on potentiality of potassium (K) fertilizer reduction and K use efficiency of tobacco were studied under a tobacco-rape rotation. The results would provide theoretical basis and technology reference for straw unitization and reduction of K fertilizer in this rotation.
      Method  A located field experiment was carried out under a tobacco-rape rotation. K326 tobacco variety and rape straw were used as experimental materials. Eight different treatments of straw direct returning (S) and decomposed straw returning (DS) were designed: (1) NP; (2) NPK(CK); (3) NP + 85%K + S; (4) NP + 70%K + S; (5) NP + 55%K + S; (6) NP + 85%K + DS; (7) NP + 70%K + DS; (8) NP + 55%K + DS. Yield, output value, K absorption, K use efficiency of tobacco and K balance in soil were studied.
      Result  The results showed that output value of tobacco with the treatment of decomposed straw returning + reduction 30% K fertilizer(NP + 70%K + DS) was the highest in all treatments. Output value of tobacco with the treatment was 78662 yuan hm−2 in 2018 and 81071 yuan hm−2 in 2019. Potassium absorptions of tobacco in treatments with decomposed straw returning were higher than these with straw direct returning. Potassium absorptions of tobacco with NP + 70%K + S treatment was the highest in all treatments. Potassium use efficiency of tobacco with the treatment of continuous straw returning was improved. Potassium use efficiency of tobacco with the treatment of decomposed straw returning was higher than that with the treatment of straw direct returning. Surplus K in soil with treatments of reduction 15%-30% K fertilizer were more than that with CK. Surplus K in soil with the treatment of reduction 15% K fertilizer was the highest in all treatments.
      Conclusion  The results showed that 30% K fertilizer can be reduced with tobacco season under tobacco-rape rotation with the decomposed straw returning or straw direct returning pattern. Yield, output value, K use efficiency of tobacco with decomposed straw returning were better than those with straw direct returning.

     

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