Roles of Vegetation Buffer Zones on Non-point Source Pollution Control in Water Source Areas
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摘要: 在山地丘陵区遭遇高强度降雨时，常常发生水土流失；水流携带泥沙下泄，过量施入农田的肥料、农药等化学物质随之进入河流、水库、湖泊等地表水和地下水水体，进而造成水体富营养化等面源污染，危害水源地安全。为梳理植被缓冲带能够控制水土流失、阻控污染物移动、解决水源地面源污染问题，明确该项技术措施减少和治理水源地面源污染的机制，为水源地面源污染防治和水环境改善提供参考。在概括介绍植被缓冲带的类型、功能的基础上，对该项技术措施减少和治理水源地面源污染的机制进行讨论。植被缓冲带治理水源地面源污染的机制主要有：①植物在生长过程中自身对氮磷等物质的吸收；②利用植被固结土壤，减少水土流失；③植被覆盖、拦蓄能够延长径流在地面的停留时间而增加水分入渗、减少氮磷等物质随地表径流流失；④植物根系参与土壤中多种物理、化学和生物过程，加速碳、氮、磷等物质的形态转化。针对水源地面源污染特点和植被缓冲带的建设技术及其应用要点，提出相关建议，并对今后该技术的发展进行了展望。Abstract: Under heavy rainfall conditions, over-input fertilizers and chemicals with surface runoff through the catchment area flow into surface water and groundwater such as rivers and reservoirs, causing water eutrophication. Controlling soil and water erosion through ecological measures is an important way to deal with non-point source pollution in these areas. The ecological functions of vegetation buffer zones and the mechanism to reduce non-point source pollution were discussed in water source areas, which will provide scientific basis and technical support for non-point source pollution prevention and water environment improvement. The published papers related to vegetation buffer zones and non-point source pollution were collected and discussed. The mechanisms included: ① the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus by plants; ② vegetation to consolidate soil and reduce soil erosion; ③ vegetation coverage prolonged the residence time of runoff on the ground, increased water infiltration, and reduced the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus and other substances with surface runoff; ④ plant roots participated in various physical, chemical and biological processes in the soil, accelerated the morphological transformation of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other substances. Some suggestions have been pointed out according to the characteristics of water source non-point source pollution.
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表 1 部分河岸缓冲带污染物去除效果汇总
Table 1. Pollutant removal effectiveness of some riparian buffer zones
作者
Author地区
Area类型
Type污染物去除效果
EffectivenessJabłońska et al. 2021 [53] 波兰中部地区 湿地 全氮去除率为34-92%，全磷去除率为17-63% Zak et al. 2019 [40] 丹麦Fillerup地区 非木本植物植被缓冲带（挺水植物，沉水植物，浮游植物等 对于硝态氮去除效果为30 ± 19%，全氮去除效果为31 ± 16%，全磷的去除效果为44 ± 10% Zak et al. 2019 [40] 丹麦Fillerup地区 木本植物植被缓冲带（欧洲桤木） 对于硝态氮去除效果为37 ± 17%，全氮去除效果为38 ± 16%，全磷的去除效果为52 ± 12%。 Aguiar et al. 2015 [17] 巴西Cará-Cará河 木本 减少99% TN，99% TP Aguiar et al. 2015 [17] 巴西Cará-Cará河 灌木 减少66.4% TP，83.9% TN Aguiar et al. 2015 [17] 巴西Cará-Cará河 草本 减少61.6% TP，52.9% TN 
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表 2 植被缓冲带构建技术
Table 2. Vegetation buffer zone construction techniques
区位
Location树种配置
Tree species技术要点
Key technique远岸区 耐水湿乔木：水杉、池杉、垂柳、枫杨、重阳木、合欢、乌桕、青桐、黄山栾、国槐、臭椿、银杏、落羽杉、女贞、桂花、香樟、雪松、桑葚、朴树。 1. 旱地开沟、整地：在旱地宽阔处因势造形，与河道、湖面垂直方向每15 m开挖一条一级排水沟，沟渠规格上宽60 cm，下宽40 cm，深40 cm；与河道平行方向每6 m开挖一条二级排水沟，沟渠规格上宽30 cm，下宽20 cm，深20 cm。开沟后，在出现的地垄上清理杂草、杂物，平整土地，开挖种植穴、种植穴规格为70 cm × 70 cm × 70 cm。
2. 苗木要求：①无病虫害，生长健壮苗木；②苗木规格：乔木要求胸径5 cm左右，高度2 m 左右，土球是胸径的6 ~ 8倍。
3. 造林密度：乔木株行距3 m × 3 m。
4. 水肥措施：种植后立即浇透定根水，后期管理中除非干旱性灾害气候，一般不人为干预浇水。
5. 覆盖：定植后在苗木根部用地膜覆盖，地膜用土压实。
6. 支撑固定：用木棒斜插入土中，用草绳绑紧，使定植苗木不能晃动。
7. 抚育措施:封闭管理，加强病虫防治、预防涝灾、风灾和护林防火，杜绝其它人为种养行为。近岸区 耐水湿灌木：蜡杨梅、木槿、杞柳、夹竹桃、红叶石楠、芦竹、细叶水团花、海桐、小叶女贞、黄杨。 1. 旱地开沟、整地：在旱地宽阔处因势造形，与河道、湖面垂直方向每15 m开挖一条一级排水沟，沟渠规格上宽60 cm，下宽40 cm，深40 cm；与河道平行方向每6 m开挖一条二级排水沟，沟渠规格上宽30 cm，下宽20 cm，深20 cm。开沟后，在出现的地垄上清理杂草、杂物，平整土地，开挖种植穴、种植穴规格为70 cm × 70 cm × 70 cm。
2. 苗木要求：①无病虫害，生长健壮苗木；②苗木规格：灌木要求高度1 m左右，4分枝，土球是地径的4 ~ 6倍。
3. 造林密度：株行距1 m × 1 m。
4. 水肥措施：种植后立即浇透定根水，后期管理中除非干旱性灾害气候，一般不人为干预浇水。
5. 覆盖：定植后在苗木根部用地膜覆盖，地膜用土压实。
6. 抚育措施:封闭管理，加强病虫防治、预防涝灾、风灾和护林防火，杜绝其它人为种养行为。滨水区 挺水植物：芦苇、菰草、席草、香蒲、莎草、美人蕉等。 1. 植物分株繁殖，穴状采挖，一穴以10分支左右为宜，根埋入淤泥不漂浮；
2. 种植密度：挺水植物穴距3 m × 3 m，每亩74穴。
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