Effect of Resource Utilization of Spent Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom Substrate on Soil Enzyme activities and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under Different Soil Moisture Conditions
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摘要:
目的 菌渣被广泛认为是一种优良的植物生长基质和土壤改良剂,向土壤中施用菌渣可以提高土壤微生物活性与温室气体的排放,且土壤水分含量也可以调控菌渣对土壤酶活性与温室气体的排放。通过探究不同土壤湿度条件下平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)菌渣对土壤酶活性的影响,以阐明不同土壤田间持水量下菌渣施用剂量-土壤温室气体排放-土壤酶活性之间的综合关系。 方法 本研究将平菇菌渣施入土壤并对土壤含水量进行调节,分析了在60%、75%、90%田间持水量条件下和菌渣添加量0.0%、2.5%、5.0%、10.0%时,菌渣添加量对土壤酶活性和温室气体排放的影响。 结果 脲酶、几丁质酶、β-葡糖苷酶与菌渣添加量呈正相关,在菌渣添加量为10.0%时活性最强,且在不同含水量下并无显著性差异。CO2排放量与菌渣添加量呈正相关,在菌渣添加量为10.0%时排放量最高,不同土壤含水量下并为CO2排放量其产生显著影响。N2O排放量在菌渣添加量2.5%和无菌渣添加时与含水量呈正相关,N2O排放量在菌渣添加量5.0%与10.0%时与土壤含水量并无显著性差异,在90%田间持水量条件下,N2O排放量与菌渣添加量呈负相关。菌渣的添加量未对土壤CH4排放产生显著影响。对土壤酶活性和温室气体平均排放量进行皮尔逊分析后发现:三种酶活性对CO2平均排放量有显著影响且呈成正相关,对N2O平均排放量呈显著负相关。 结论 菌渣添加会呈现“双刃剑”效应,菌渣添加虽然提高了土壤酶活性,但是相应也提高了全球增温潜势。综合考虑土壤酶活性与温室气体排放量,本研究中菌渣添加量为2.5%时为最适宜还田添加量。本研究结果为利用菌渣改善土壤酶活性且控制温室气体的排放提供了技术支持,为食用菌菌渣资源化利用提供了理论支持。 Abstract:Objective The Spen Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom substrate could be utilized as a plant growth substrate and soil improvement agent, and its application could affect soil enzyme activities and greenhouse gas emissions which are also adjusted by the soil moisture. This study aimed to reveal the effects of spent mushroom substrate on soil enzyme activities and greenhouse gas emissions under different soil water holding capacities and to clarify the comprehensive relationship among spent mushroom substrate application dosage, greenhouse gas emissions, and soil enzyme activities. Method The spent mushroom substrate was applied to the soil under different soil moisture contents, and the β-glucosidase, urease and chitinase actives and CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions were also quantified. The application rates of spent mushroom substrates were 0.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%, respectively, and soil moistures were 60% WHC, 75% WHC, and 90% WHC, respectively. Result The result showed that urease, β-glucosidase, and chitinase activities were positively correlated with the application rates of the spent mushroom substrate. Under the condition of 10% spent mushroom substrate application, the highest enzyme activity was observed, but there was no significant differences among different water holding capacities. There was a positive correlation between the amount of CO2 emission and the amount of spent mushroom substrates. The highest amount of CO2 emission was observed following 10% spent mushroom substrate application. The N2O emission was positively correlated with soil moisture when the spent mushroom substrate was applied at 0.0% and 2.5%. Meanwhile, the N2O emission was negatively correlated with spent mushroom substrate application at 90% WHC. There was no significant difference in CH4 emission among the treatments with different spent mushroom substrate applications. The soil enzyme activities were significant positively correlated with the CO2 average emission. A significant negative correlation between the soil enzyme activities and N2O average emissions were observed. Conclusion Applications of the spent mushroom substrate will present a double-edged sword effect. Although the applications of the spent mushroom substrate could improve soil enzyme activities, but they could increase global warming potential. The application rate of 2.5% was an optimal application rate of returning to the filed. The results of this study could provide technical support for improving soil enzyme activities and controlling greenhouse gas emissions with spent mushroom substrate. The current study also provided theoretical support for resource utilization of mushroom residue, which would promote the sustainable development of the mushroom industry. -
图 1 土壤不同含水量条件下菌渣添加对β-葡糖苷酶(a)、脲酶(b)、几丁质酶(c)活性和土壤酶活性几何平均值(d)的影响
图中不同大写字母表示不同土壤微域含水量间差异显著,不同小写字母表示不同菌渣添加量间差异显著(P < 0.05);SMS 0.0%:无菌渣添加,SMS 2.5%:菌渣添加量为2.5%,SMS 5.0%:菌渣添加量为5.0%,SMS 10.0%:菌渣添加量为10.0%。
Figure 1. Soil enzyme activities under different soil moisture contents and spent mushroom substrate addition on β-glucosidase (a), urease (b), chitinase (c) and geometric mean of soil enzyme activity (d)
图 2 在不同土壤含水量下菌渣添加对CO2 (a)、N2O (b)、CH4 (c)排放速率的影响
图中不同大写字母表示不同土壤微域含水量间差异显著,不同小写字母表示不同菌渣添加量间差异显著(P < 0.05);SMS 0.0%:无菌渣添加,SMS 2.5%:菌渣添加量为2.5%,SMS 5.0%:菌渣添加量为5.0%,SMS 10.0%:菌渣添加量为10.0%。
Figure 2. Emission rates of CO2 (a), N2O (b), CH4 (c) under different soil moisture content and spent mushroom substrate addition
图 3 在不同土壤含水条件下菌渣添加对CO2 (a)、N2O (b)、CH4 (c)总累加排放量的影响
图中不同大写字母表示不同土壤微域含水量间差异显著,不同小写字母表示不同菌渣添加量间差异显著(P < 0.05);SMS 0.0%:无菌渣添加,SMS 2.5%:菌渣添加量为2.5% w w–1,SMS 5.0%:菌渣添加量为5.0% w w–1,SMS 10.0%:菌渣添加量为10.0% w w–1。
Figure 3. Total cumulative emission of CO2 (a), N2O (b), CH4 (c) under different soil moisture contents and spent mushroom substrate addition
图 4 在不同土壤田间持水量条件下菌渣添加对全球增温潜势的影响
图中不同大写字母表示不同土壤微域含水量间差异显著,不同小写字母表示不同菌渣添加量间差异显著(P < 0.05);SMS 0.0%:无菌渣添加,SMS 2.5%:菌渣添加量为2.5% w w–1,SMS 5.0%:菌渣添加量为5.0% w w–1,SMS 10.0%:菌渣添加量为10.0% w w–1。
Figure 4. Global warming potential under different soil water holding capacities and spent mushroom substrate addition
表 1 含水量与菌渣添加量对土壤酶活性和气体排放影响的方差分析
Table 1. Two-way ANOVA revealed the effects of soil moisture and spent mushroom substrate on gas emissions and soil enzyme activities
影响因素
Factorβ-葡糖苷酶
β-glucosidase脲酶
Urease几丁质酶
Chitinase土壤酶活性几
何平均值
Mean soil enzyme
activityCO2总累加
排放量
CO2 releasing
accumulated
amountCH4总累加
排放量
CH4 releasing
accumulated
amountN2O总累加
排放量
N2O releasing
accumulated
amount全球增
温潜势
Global warming
potential菌渣 53.829** 119.996** 22.983** 0.682** 160.212** 1.875 20.150** 172.369** 土壤含水量 24.268** 0.885 1.260 20.600 0.828 1.130 19.451** 1.373 菌渣 × 土壤含水量 4.640** 1.041 1.214 49.196** 0.468 1.180 7.086** 0.777 注:表中数值为F值,*、**分别表示相关性达到P < 0.05、P < 0.01。 表 2 土壤酶活性与温室气体平均排放量的皮尔逊相关系数
Table 2. The coefficients of Pearson’s correlations bacterial the soil enzymatic activities and greenhouse gas average emissions
脲酶
Urease几丁质
ChitinaseCO2 CH4 N2O β-葡糖苷酶 0.733** 0.755** 0.692** −0.46 −0.586** 脲酶 0.712** 0.654** 0.510 −0.472** 几丁质 0.924** 0.208 −0.440** CO2 0.257 −0.434** CH4 −0.214 注:表格中的数字表示皮尔逊相关系数(r),*、**分别表示相关性达到P < 0.05、P < 0.01。 -
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