覆土浅埋滴灌对春小麦耗水特性及水分利用效率的影响

Effects of Shallow Drip Irrigation with Covering Soil on Water Consumption and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat

    摘要
  • 摘要:
      目的  探索新疆伊犁河南岸灌区覆土浅埋滴灌条件下春小麦耗水规律和水分利用效率。
      方法  通过对覆土（覆土深度5 cm）浅埋滴灌（4个灌溉定额水分处理：W1 = 450 mm、W2 = 360 mm、W3 = 315 mm和W4 = 270 mm）和地表滴灌（灌溉定额CK = 450 mm）的春小麦各生育期耗水量分析，研究覆土浅埋滴灌对春小麦生长阶段各土层水分动态变化、耗水特性、作物系数及水分利用效率的影响。
      结果  覆土浅埋（5 cm）滴灌可以显著性提高20 ~ 40 cm土层水分含量，滴灌小麦全生长阶段0 ~ 40 cm土层水分变化率大，该土层是小麦根系吸水主要利用层，40 ~ 60 cm土层为小麦根系稳定吸水层，该土层水分波动不明显。灌水量为360 mm处理下，全生育期内覆土浅埋滴灌小麦耗水量为482.78 mm，日均耗水量为4.88 mm d−1，耗水量呈抛物线变化趋势，在拔节 ~ 抽穗阶段达到抛物线最高点；小麦全生育期各滴灌量处理耗水量存在显著差异。在滴灌小麦整个生长周期内作物系数呈初期小、中期大、后期小的变化规律，在春小麦需水关键期拔节 ~ 抽穗期作物系数达到最大值为1.5。覆土浅埋滴灌小麦W1、W2、W3和W4处理的水分利用效率分别比地表滴灌CK提高了16.47%、38.73%、36.37%和13.20%，且覆土浅埋滴灌处理显著性高于地表滴灌处理。滴灌量为360 mm的W2处理产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均达到最优；CK处理最低，但产量除外。
      结论  在本试验条件下覆土浅埋滴灌灌溉定额为360 mm为理想的高产节水滴灌处理。

     

    Abstract:
      Objective  In order to explore the water consumption law and water use efficiency of spring wheat under the condition of shallow drip irrigation in the irrigation area on the south bank of the Yili River, Xinjiang.
      Method  Through shallow drip irrigation (four irrigation quota water treatments:W1 = 450 mm, W2 = 360 mm, W3 = 315 mm and W4 = 270 mm) and surface drip irrigation (irrigation quota CK = 450 mm), spring wheat water consumptions were determined in each growth period, to study the impact of covering soil shallow drip irrigation on the dynamic changes of soil moisture, water consumption characteristics, crop coefficient and water use efficiency in the growth stage of spring wheat.
      Result  The results showed that the shallow (5 cm) drip irrigation of the covering soil could significantly increase the water content of the 20-40 cm soil layer, and the soil moisture change rate of the 0-40 cm soil layer during the whole growth stage of the drip irrigation. This soil layer was the main water absorption layer of the wheat root system. The 40-60 cm soil layer was the stable water absorption layer of wheat root system, and the moisture fluctuation of this soil layer was not obvious. Under the treatment of 360 mm irrigation, the water consumption of wheat covered with shallow soil and drip irrigation during the whole growth period was 482.78 mm, and the average daily water consumption was 4.88 mm d−1. The water consumption showed a parabolic change trend, reaching the highest point of the parabola during the jointing to heading stage. There were significant differences in water consumption during the whole growth period of wheat among treatments. During the whole growth cycle of drip-irrigated wheat, the crop coefficient showed a change pattern of small in the early stage, large in the middle stage, and small in the later stage. The crop coefficient reached the maximum value of 1.5 in the critical water-requiring period of spring wheat from jointing to heading stage. The water use efficiency of W1, W2, W3 and W4 treatments of wheat covered with shallow burying drip irrigation were increased by 16.47%, 38.73%, 36.37% and 13.20%, respectively, compared with surface drip irrigation CK. The treatment of shallow burying drip irrigation with covered soil was significantly higher than that of surface drip irrigation. The yield, water use efficiency, and irrigation water use efficiency of the W2 treatment with a drip irrigation volume of 360 mm all reached the best.
      Conclusion  Under the experimental conditions, the irrigation quota of 360 mm for shallow buried drip irrigation with overlying soil is an ideal high-yield water-saving drip irrigation treatment.

     

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