机插秧同步侧深施肥对水稻产量形成及经济效益的影响

叶鑫; 宫亮; 金丹丹; 牛世伟; 王娜; 徐嘉翼; 张鑫; 隋世江

doi:10.19336/j.cnki.trtb.2021072501

机插秧同步侧深施肥对水稻产量形成及经济效益的影响

Effects of Simultaneous Lateral Deep Fertilization with Mechanical Transplanting on Yield and Economic Benefit of Rice in Northern China

摘要

摘要:
目的为研究水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术节肥增产增效的作用，改进水稻生产的养分管理方式。
方法 2019年和2020年分别在盘锦和辽阳开展大田试验，采用完全随机区组试验设计，设置不施氮肥、农民习惯施肥、侧深施减氮肥等处理，测定水稻产量及其构成因素、分析氮素利用效率和经济效益。
结果盘锦和辽阳不同年份机插秧同步侧深施肥技术对水稻产量及经济效益的影响一致，施氮量分别比当地习惯施肥降低17.08%和17.09%，仍可获得最高（目标）产量，经济效益分别增加了1232 ~ 1440 元 hm⁻²和581 ~ 799 元 hm⁻²，处理间差异达到显著水平。减少氮肥用量后仍能获得较高产量，水稻氮肥吸收利用率（NRE）、氮肥农学效率（NAE）和偏生产力（NPFP）显著提高，与当地习惯施肥相比盘锦和辽阳减施氮肥处理NRE分别提高8.41 ~ 21.19%和10.44 ~ 15.77%，NAE分别增加2.23 ~ 3.57 kg kg⁻¹和0.10 ~ 2.23 kg kg⁻¹，NPFP也显著高于当地习惯施肥。
结论在水稻稳产条件下，与当地习惯施肥相比，机插秧同步侧深施肥能够减少约17%氮肥用量，降低人工成本600 元 hm⁻²，节约肥料投入成本3.16% ~ 4.53%，经济效益增加556 ~ 1370 元 hm⁻²。

Abstract:
Objective Synchronous side deep fertilization technique of rice machine-transplanting realized the combination of agricultural machinery and agronomic technology. The appropriate amounts of nitrogen (N) in the synchronous deep side fertilization technique of rice machine-transplanting were selected and the cost-saving and efficient-increasing effects were discussed.
Method Field experiments were conducted in 2019 and 2020 with a randomized complete block design at two different places, with different N application levels: CK, without N fertilizer; FP, Farmers’ fertilization amount; T1-T5, side deep fertilization for N-reducing amounts. The N use efficiency (NUE), yield components, yield and economic benefit of rice were determined.
Result Each N fertilizer application treatment had similar effects on yield formation and NUE in Panjin and Liaoyang in the two years. When the N application rate decreased by 17.08% and 17.17%, the target yield of farmers could still be obtained, and the economic benefit increased by 1232-1440 yuan hm⁻² and 581-799 yuan hm⁻², which reached a significant level. Stable yield could be obtained after reducing N application. Nitrogen uptake and use efficiency (NRE), nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) and partial productivity (NPFP) of rice were significantly increased. In Panjin and Liaoyang, NRE increased by 8.41%-21.19% and 10.44%-15.77%, NAE increased by 2.23-3.57 kg kg⁻¹ and 0.10-2.23 kg kg⁻¹. NPFP was significantly higher than that of FP.
Conclusion Under stable yield condition, mechanical transplanting synchronous deep side fertilization technology can reduce N fertilizer dosage by 17%, reduce transplanting operation cost by 600 yuan hm⁻², save fertilizer input cost by 3.16%-4.53%, increase economic benefit by 581-1440 yuan hm⁻², and significantly save cost and increase efficiency.

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