减施配方控释肥调控土壤理化性状与稳定夏玉米产量

Reducing Application of Formula Controlled-release Fertilizers Regulates Soil Nitrogen Levels to Maintain Summer Maize Yield

    摘要
  • 摘要:
      目的  减施配方控释肥能够有效提高土壤氮素水平、降低投入，还可以减轻环境污染。因此，研究减施配方控释肥提高氮肥利用效率，稳定夏玉米产量具有重要意义。
      方法  设置不施氮肥(N0)、100% 普通尿素(FP)、80%普通尿素(LFP)、100% 配方控释肥(CRF)及80%配方控释肥(LCRF)5个处理，探讨减量配施控释氮肥对土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、土壤酶活性及产量的影响。
      结果  与普通尿素处理相比，混合施用普通尿素和控释氮肥既能满足夏玉米生育前期的养分需求，又能显著提高夏玉米生育后期土壤中铵态氮(14.0%)和硝态氮(32.8%)含量，显著提高土壤中硝酸还原酶和脲酶活性。在拔节期、开花期和成熟期，CRF处理中土壤硝酸还原酶活性较FP分别增加72.9%、40.9%和58.8%，土壤脲酶活性较FP处理分别增加24.6%、95.9%和29.2%，进而增加成熟期夏玉米根系和地上部干物质积累。在此基础上，减施20%配方控释肥处理仍能保持夏玉米生育后期土壤中氮素水平，LCRF处理中成熟期土壤铵态氮及硝态氮含量较FP处理分别增加8.8%和13.9%，也能维持较高的土壤中硝酸还原酶和脲酶活性。LCRF处理中玉米各生育时期内的土壤硝酸还原酶及脲酶活性均高于FP处理，满足玉米生长发育的要求，且根系及地上部干物质积累与产量较100% 配方控释肥无显著降低，肥料利用率则显著提高。
      结论  配方控释肥不仅能实现一次性施肥满足夏玉米整个生长季的氮肥需求，还能有效地提高氮肥利用效率，从而实现夏玉米减肥高效生产。

     

    Abstract:
      Objective  Reducing application of controlled-release fertilizers can effectively increase soil nitrogen (N) levels, reduce N input, and reduce environmental pollution. Therefore, the reducing application amount of controlled-release fertilizers to regulate soil N levels and maintain summer maize yield is of great significance for guiding scientific fertilization.
      Method  Five treatments were set up for no N fertilizer (N0), 100% regular urea (FP), 80% regular urea (LFP), 100% formulated controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) and 80% formulated controlled-release fertilizer (LCRF). Soil NH4+-N, NO3−-N, enzyme activities and yield were determined in these treatments.
      Result  The results showed that the mixed application of common urea and controlled-release N fertilizer could not only meet the nutrient requirements in the early growth period of summer maize, but also significantly increase the contents of NH4+-N and NO3−-N in the soil during the later growth period of summer maize, and significantly increase the activities of nitrate reductase and urease in the soil. At the jointing stage, flowering stage and maturity stage, the soil nitrate reductase activities in the CRF treatment increased by 72.9%, 40.9% and 58.8%, respectively, and the soil urease activities increased by 24.6%, 95.9% and 29.2%, respectively, compared with the FP treatment. The 20% reduction of formula controlled-release fertilizer treatment could still maintain the N level in the late growth stage of summer maize. And the LCRF treatment increased the NH4+-N and NO3−-N contents in the mature stage soil by 8.8% and 13.9% compared with the FP treatment. The activities of nitrate reductase and urease activities in the LCRF treatment were higher than those of FP treatment in each growth period, which met the requirements of maize growth and improved fertilizer utilization rate.
      Conclusion  In summary, the formulated controlled-release fertilizer can not only realize the one-time fertilization to meet the N fertilizer demand of the summer corn growing season, but also effectively improve the N fertilizer utilization efficiency, so as to realize the weight-loss and high-efficiency production of summer maize.

     

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