Effects of Long-term Fertilization on Availability of Micro-aggregate Associated Phosphorus in Upland Red Soil
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摘要:
目的 土壤微团聚体是磷素储存与周转的重要载体,明确长期施肥下旱地红壤微团聚体中赋存磷素的形态及其生物有效性,为磷肥的高效合理施用提供理论依据。 方法 以位于鹰潭农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站院内的长期肥料定位试验(1988 ~ 2014)为依托,分别以有机无机配施区的1/2 NPK(CK)、低量NPK + 稻秆(RS)与低量NPK + 猪厩肥(PM)处理及无机肥区的NK与NPK处理的旱地红壤为研究材料,采用水分散-吸管法逐级提取了土壤中0.25 ~ 0.05 mm、0.05 ~ 0.01 mm、0.01 ~ 0.005 mm与 < 0.005 mm粒级微团聚体,对比分析了各粒级微团聚体中全磷、有效磷及磷活化系数的变化差异。基于土壤磷素分级结果,分析了旱地红壤中大小粒级微团聚体中极有效磷、中等有效磷及非有效磷对长期施肥的响应。借助于结构方程模型探讨了微团聚体中各形态磷、磷活化系数、颗粒组成、有机质、铁铝氧化物等因子与有效磷的互应关系。 结果 长期配施猪粪可以显著增加旱地红壤各粒级微团聚体中全磷、有效磷、磷活化系数及极有效磷、中等有效磷及非有效磷的含量,且< 0.005 mm粒级微团聚体中的各组分磷增加比例最多,而配施稻秆只可显著降低0.01 ~ 0.005 mm粒级微团聚体中各组分磷含量。与NPK处理相比,长期不施磷肥的NK处理中各粒级微团聚体中各组分磷含量均显著降低,且0.05 ~ 0.01 mm粒级中的降低比例最大,还可以显著降低0.25 ~ 0.05 mm与0.05 ~ 0.01 mm微团聚体的磷活化系数,但增加0.01 ~ 0.005 mm与< 0.005 mm粒级的磷活化系数。结构方程模型拟合结果表明,长期施肥的旱地红壤微团聚体中无机磷组分是影响有效磷的正向因子,而有机磷组分则是负向影响因子;逐步回归分析发现NaHCO3和HCl提取态的无机磷组分则是影响旱地红壤磷活化系数的主要因子。 结论 在施用化肥的基础上配施有机肥、尤其是配施猪粪,可以显著增加并促进旱地红壤中稳定性高的有机态磷组分向稳定性低的无机态磷组分转化,进而提高旱地红壤磷素有效性。 Abstract:Objective Soil micro-aggregates are the important carriers of phosphorus(P) storage and turnover. To clarify the form and bioavailability of soil microaggregate associated P in upland red soil under long-term fertilization can provide the theoretical basis for the efficient and rational application of P fertilizers. Method Based on the long-term fertilization experiment (1988 - 2014) located at the Red Soil Ecological Station in Yingtan, Jiangxi Province, China, total 15 soil surface samples (0 - 15 cm) were collected from the combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizer plot (Treatment 1/2 NPK (CK), low quantity NPK + rice straw (RS) and low quantity NPK + pig manure (PM)) and the single application of chemical fertilizer plot (Treatment NPK and NK), respectively. Soil micro-aggregate size in 0.25 - 0.05 mm, 0.05 - 0.01 mm, 0.01 - 0.005 mm and < 0.005 mm were sequentially extracted by pipette method after the water disperses. The changes of soil total P (TP), Bray-P and the P activation coefficient (PAC) in various soil micro-aggregates were analyzed, and the extremely available P (EAP), medium available P (MAP) and non-available P (NAP) of micro-aggregates response to the long-term fertilization were also analyzed based on the results of soil P fractionation. And the relationships between the soil P fractionation, PAC, particle composition, soil organic matter, iron-aluminum oxides and Bray-P were discussed based on the structural equation model. Result Long-term combined application of pig manure can significantly increase the TP, Bray-P, PAC and EAP, MAP, NAP in various micro-aggregates, and the increase proportion of them in < 0.005 mm micro-aggregate was higher, but the combined application of rice straw only can significantly decrease the P content of 0.01 - 0.005 mm micro-aggregate. Compared with NPK treatment, NK treatment can significantly decrease the contents of all P fractions in various micro-aggregates, and also can significantly decrease the PAC of 0.25 - 0.05 mm and 0.05 - 0.01 mm micro-aggregates, but significantly increased the PAC of 0.01 - 0.005 mm and < 0.005 mm micro-aggregates. The fitting results of structural equation model show that the inorganic P component was the positive influence factor for Bray-P, but the organic P component was the negative influence factor for Bray-P. Based on the stepwise regression analysis, the inorganic P components extracted by the NaHCO3 and HCl were the main influence factors for PAC of upland red soil. Conclusion The combined application of organic fertilizers, especially combined with pig manure, can significantly increase and promote the transformation of the high stable organic P components into low stable inorganic P in upland red soil. -
表 1 1988 ~ 2014 年各施肥小区肥料年施用量[15]
Table 1. Annual input amount of fertilizer application in tested plot from 1988 to 2014
小区
Plot肥料处理
Fertilizer treatmentN
(kg hm−2)P2O5
(kg hm−2)K2O
(kg hm−2)风干稻秆
Air-dried rice straw
(kg hm−2)鲜猪粪
Fresh pig manure
(kg hm−2)IFP NK 120 − 118 NPK 120 39.3 118 OIFP 1/2 NPK (CK) 60.0 19.7 58.9 低量NPK + 稻秆(RS) 32.5 31.8 50.0 3000 低量NPK + 猪粪(PM) 32.5 31.8 50.0 15000 表 2 供试土壤的基本理化性质及微团聚体粒级分布比例
Table 2. Basic physicochemical properties of tested soils and the distribution proportion of soil micro-aggregates
小区
Plot处理
TreatmentpHKCl 有机质
Soil
organic
matter
(g kg−1)全磷
Total P
(g kg−1)游离态
氧化铁
Free
iron
oxides
(g kg−1)游离态
氧化铝
Free
aluminum
oxides
(g kg−1)非晶质态
氧化铁
Amorphous
iron
oxides
(g kg−1)非晶质态
氧化铝
Amorphous
aluminum
oxides
(g kg−1)有效磷
Bray-P
(mg kg−1)黏粒
Clay
(%)粉粒
Silt
(%)砂粒
Sand
(%)微团聚体粒径比例
Proportion of soil
micro-aggregates0.25 ~
0.05 mm
(%)0.05 ~
0.01 mm
(%)0.01 ~
0.005 mm
(%)< 0.005 mm
(%)IFP NK 3.20 b 9.65 b 0.27 b 39.0 a 14.8 a 1.80 a 3.80 a 6.40 b 26.0 a 56.1 a 17.9 b 48.2 Aa 22.5 Ba 0.80 Cb 0.3 Cb NPK 3.80 a 11.5 a 0.64 a 40.5 a 14.9 a 2.10 a 3.20 a 67.0 a 23.2 b 51.4 b 25.4 a 46.6 Aa 16.2 Bb 2.90 Ca 3.4 Ca OIFP 1/2 NPK (CK) 3.80 b 11.3 b 0.49 b 36.0 a 12.7 a 1.90 a 3.90 a 39.3 b 23.7 a 49.4 a 26.8 a 49.4 Aa 16.3 Bb 3.00 Cb 2.9 Cb 低量NPK + 稻秆(RS) 3.80 b 11.3 b 0.47 b 35.7 a 13.4 a 1.80 a 3.50 a 39.4 b 20.7 a 52.1 a 27.2 a 48.2 Aa 16.1 Bab 3.50 Cb 3.5 Cb 低量NPK + 猪粪(PM) 4.00 a 12.1 a 1.29 a 33.9 a 11.1 a 2.20 a 4.10 a 48.3 a 20.1 a 50.2 a 29.7 a 44.3 Ab 18.2 Ba 3.60 Ca 4.6 Ca 注:不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05);不同大写字母表示相同处理不同微团聚体粒级间差异显著(P < 0.05);黏粒、粉粒和砂粒为体积百分数。 表 3 长期施肥下红壤旱地微团聚体中极有效磷、中等有效磷及非有效磷的变化
Table 3. Changes of the extremely available P (EAP), medium available P (MAP) and non-available P (NAP) in various soil micro - aggregates of upland red soils under the long-term fertilization
小区
Plot处理
Treatment粒径
Particle size
(mm)极有效磷
EAP
(mg kg−1)极有效磷/全磷
EAP/TP
(%)中等有效磷
MAP
(mg kg−1)中等有效磷/全磷
MAP/TP
(%)非有效磷
NAP
(mg kg−1)非有效磷/全磷
NAP/TP
(%)无机肥区(IFP) NK 0.25 ~ 0.05 15.3 Bab 3.40 Bc 280.8 Ba 62.4 Aa 154.1 Bab 34.2 Ac 0.05 ~ 0.01 15.6 Ba 5.06 Ba 130.6 Bc 42.2 Bc 163.2 Ba 52.7 Aa 0.01 ~ 0.005 15.1 Bab 4.41 Bb 181.0 Bb 52.8 Bb 146.8 Bb 42.8 Ab < 0.005 14.6 Bb 5.02 Ba 186.6 Bb 64.1 Aa 90.0 Bc 30.9 Ad NPK 0.25 ~ 0.05 68.5 Aa 11.6 Aa 359.7 Ac 60.9 Bb 162.1 Ac 27.5 Bc 0.05 ~ 0.01 65.4 Ab 10.2 Ab 365.5 Abc 57.3 Ac 207.0 Aab 32.4 Bab 0.01 ~ 0.005 38.1 Ac 5.91 Ac 385.8 Ab 59.9 Ab 220.0 Aa 34.2 Ba < 0.005 40.7 Ac 6.24 Ac 410.9 Aa 63.0 Ba 201.0 Ab 30.8 Ab 有机无机肥
配施区(OIFP)1/2NPK (CK) 0.25 ~ 0.05 49.9 Ca 9.47 Ca 306.5 Bc 58.2 Ab 170.6 Bb 32.3 Ab 0.05 ~ 0.01 45.0 Bb 8.16 Cb 305.7 Bc 55.3 Cc 201.8 Ba 36.5 Aa 0.01 ~ 0.005 31.6 Cc 5.28 Cc 399.2 Ba 66.6 Aa 168.9 Bb 28.2 Bc < 0.005 24.1 Bd 4.26 Bd 380.4 Bb 67.2 Aa 161.8 Bb 28.6 Ac 低量NPK + 稻秆(RS) 0.25 ~ 0.05 60.6 Ba 11.6 Ba 274.3 Cc 52.5 Bc 187.3 Ba 35.9 Aa 0.05 ~ 0.01 44.2 Bb 8.85 Bb 285.9 Bc 57.1 Bb 170.1 Cb 34.0 Bab 0.01 ~ 0.005 45.9 Bb 8.14 Bc 331.9 Ba 58.9 Bb 186.1 Ba 33.0 Ab < 0.005 22.8 Bc 3.80 Cd 409.1 Bb 68.2 Aa 167.5 Bb 28.0 Ac 低量NPK + 猪粪(PM) 0.25 ~ 0.05 270.6 Aa 19.8 Aa 809.4 Ab 59.3 Ac 285.4 Ac 20.9 Bc 0.05 ~ 0.01 215.7 Ab 16.4 Ab 806.4 Ab 61.4 Aab 291.3 Ac 22.2 Cc 0.01 ~ 0.005 179.5 Ac 14.1 Ac 761.7 Ac 60.0 Bbc 328.6 Ab 25.9 Cb < 0.005 120.6 Ad 8.21 Ad 929.0 Aa 63.2 Ba 419.9 Aa 28.6 Aa 注:不同大写字母表示相同粒级微团聚体不同肥料处理间差异显著(P < 0.05);不同小写字母表示相同处理中不同粒级微团聚体间差异显著(P < 0.05)。 表 4 逐步回归分析结果
Table 4. Results of stepwise regression analysis
影响因子
Influence factor标准化系数
Standardized Coefficients显著性
SignificancePi-NaHCO3 1.386 0.000* Pi-HCl −0.533 0.011* MWD −0.159 0.025* 注:*表示影响显著(P < 0.05)。 -
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