Heavy Metal Contents and Pollution Risk Assessment in Farmland Soil of the Oil Producing Areas on the Songnen Plain
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摘要:
目的 为探明松嫩平原石油开采及石化工业活动区周边农田土壤重金属污染分布及风险状况。 方法 在大庆市让胡路区选择代表性农田采集96份土壤样品,测定重金属(Cd、Hg、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、As)含量;在利用地统计学克里金插值法分析重金属含量空间分布特征的基础上,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对该地区农田土壤重金属污染状况及其生态风险进行评价。 结果 该区土壤中Cd和Ni的含量分别为土壤背景值的1.39倍和1.27倍。在对各样点Pb、Zn、Cu和Cr 4种元素含量分析中,均出现不同程度的高于土壤背景值的样点。重金属Cd的地积累指数平均值为0.11,达到轻度~中度污染水平。研究区土壤重金属潜在生态危害风险指数(RI)平均值为84.84,从大到小为Cd > Hg > Ni > As > Pb > Cu > Zn > Cr,其中Cd的RI值最大为190.23,达到中等生态危害范围。研究区农田土壤重金属含量在空间分布上表现为:Cd、Zn和Pb含量高值区出现在中部地区,其它重金属元素含量高值区分布比较零散。 结论 研究区域内,8种重金属含量的平均值均低于风险筛选值,Cd和Ni两种重金属平均含量超出了背景值,从地积累指数来看,Cd污染等级为1级,其它7种元素均处于无污染水平。从潜在生态风险分析可知,该区域污染程度属于轻度生态危害范围。 Abstract:Objective The purpose is to find out the distribution and risks of heavy metal pollution in farmland soils around the oil exploitation and petrochemical industrial areas of Songnen Plain. Method Taking the farmland soil in Ranghulu District of Daqing as the research object, 96 soil samples were collected to analyze the contents of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and As). The Kriging interpolation was applied to analyze the spatial distribution of heavy metals using geostatistics module software. With adoption of geo-accumulation index method and potential ecological hazard index method, an assessment was carried out to research the pollution of farmland soil in this area. Result The results showed that the contents of Cd and Ni were 1.39 and 1.27 times of the soil background value. The contents of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr exceeded the soil background value to different extent in some sample points. The mean geo-accumulation index of Cd was 0.11, indicating mild ~ medium pollution. The mean potential ecological risk index (RI) of heavy metals in soil was 84.84 in the researched area, and the RI followed the sequence of Cd > Hg > Ni > As > Pb > Cu > Zn > Cr. The RI value of Cd was the largest at 190.23 among them, indicating the medium ecological hazard. In terms of spatial distribution of heavy metals in farmland soil in the researched area, Cd, Zn and Pb were concentrated in the central area, while the concentration of the rest heavy metals was relatively scattered. Conclusion The mean content of the 8 heavy metals is lower than the risk screening value, while that of both Cd and Ni exceeds the background value. For the geo-accumulation index, Cd pollution reaches Level-I and the rest 7 elements are at non-pollution level. It can be learned from the potential ecological risk analysis that the pollution is in the mild ecological hazard in this area. -
表 1 大庆地区8种重金属的背景值及其毒性系数
Table 1. Background values (Bn) and toxic-response factor (Ti) of 8 heavy metals in soil of Daqing area
S1 农田土壤重金属含量原始数据(n = 96)
S1. Raw data on soil heavy metal content in farmland (n = 96)
地点 样本 Pb
(mg kg−1)Cd
(mg kg−1)Cr
(mg kg−1)Cu
(mg kg−1)Ni
(mg kg−1)Zn
(mg kg−1)Hg
(mg kg−1)As
(mg kg−1)红骥牧场 1 26.4 0.27 21.5 15.3 18.6 95.5 0.00688 3.30 2 32.0 0.23 7.56 8.82 36.9 107 0.00676 3.30 3 60.9 0.13 18.9 12.0 43.8 103 0.0104 3.57 4 52.8 0.33 22.7 10.4 36.3 118 0.00586 3.28 5 30.7 0.31 18.5 16.3 10.0 118 0.00541 3.16 6 33.3 0.12 32.3 23.5 42.0 75.7 0.0117 3.46 7 45.7 0.25 27.1 9.60 11.8 155 0.00612 3.19 8 36.9 0.41 25.0 8.87 28.2 136 0.00448 3.21 9 7.60 0.21 11.0 19.2 19.4 41.9 0.00304 4.48 10 10.5 0.15 7.57 14.4 20.3 28.5 0.00327 4.03 11 15.8 0.12 10.8 20.8 16.7 51.4 0.00322 4.35 12 9.16 0.089 8.15 11.8 6.12 30.3 0.0107 4.09 13 6.96 0.067 5.83 9.03 7.40 21.7 0.0104 4.33 14 8.08 0.069 8.49 14.3 19.3 36.8 0.0117 4.63 15 15.9 0.13 7.32 12.8 17.7 56.3 0.0118 4.84 16 6.35 0.057 6.85 8.20 6.81 28.9 0.00731 4.43 17 19.0 0.15 4.83 14.9 27.9 43.6 0.0114 4.75 18 14.6 0.099 4.65 9.84 43.8 41.8 0.00868 4.38 19 15.0 0.076 4.53 12.5 33.3 33.1 0.00922 4.55 20 14.1 0.069 4.02 10.5 37.1 31.1 0.00822 4.26 21 13.9 0.060 4.74 5.34 43.8 19.9 0.00723 4.03 22 11.3 0.046 4.02 4.38 27.0 19.2 0.00739 3.98 23 14.4 0.10 4.96 10.4 24.0 35.8 0.00946 4.39 24 13.3 0.044 4.11 6.08 51.8 20.3 0.00811 4.38 喇嘛甸镇 25 31.1 0.32 16.6 10.9 33.8 145 0.00465 3.23 26 38.0 0.21 20.1 11.5 21.0 118 0.0131 3.28 27 30.9 0.19 15.3 9.72 21.7 91.7 0.0116 3.33 28 14.4 0.042 10.7 3.56 24.1 29.6 0.0111 4.59 29 16.3 0.037 22.1 2.36 38.8 28.0 0.0118 4.03 30 10.7 0.047 9.34 2.17 35.3 27.7 0.0122 4.63 31 9.79 0.099 9.86 11.3 14.6 35.3 0.0131 4.80 32 8.91 0.099 10.2 14.7 4.83 42.3 0.0123 4.70 33 7.95 0.073 11.3 9.63 16.2 26.1 0.0141 4.66 34 10.0 0.076 10.3 9.09 6.49 27.3 0.0136 4.79 35 8.65 0.096 10.6 7.46 19.1 29.1 0.0150 4.58 36 10.3 0.073 10.3 3.16 10.3 24.3 0.0150 4.09 37 14.0 0.067 12.1 7.01 47.0 22.3 0.0157 4.37 38 15.0 0.085 11.7 9.01 38.0 37.9 0.0156 4.33 39 12.1 0.051 12.1 2.59 56.4 18.2 0.0125 4.51 40 13.5 0.082 12.2 6.11 46.6 32.6 0.00931 4.28 41 12.4 0.077 11.9 4.55 29.4 19.0 0.00883 4.16 42 11.7 0.055 11.6 2.25 53.2 37.9 0.00885 4.30 银浪牧场 43 17.4 0.098 12.1 8.27 35.2 42.2 0.0129 3.89 44 18.1 0.089 26.0 10.4 54.7 53.1 0.0124 4.20 45 15.1 0.32 24.4 10.3 51.6 42.9 0.00668 3.32 46 10.0 0.082 13.7 3.99 33.5 30.8 0.0122 3.81 47 13.5 0.071 19.8 3.33 34.9 30.8 0.0137 4.35 48 12.2 0.053 12.2 2.68 39.2 29.5 0.0122 4.84 49 15.5 0.059 17.2 5.21 36.7 33.8 0.0139 4.83 50 14.3 0.046 8.80 3.10 29.8 22.7 0.0127 4.88 51 13.8 0.053 10.8 4.06 50.3 34.2 0.0138 4.87 52 18.3 0.11 8.52 13.2 22.7 48.9 0.00810 4.08 53 10.9 0.093 5.68 8.39 18.4 39.4 0.00828 4.16 54 11.1 0.11 6.74 10.83 18.2 38.9 0.00807 4.04 55 9.82 0.10 4.97 8.10 16.3 35.7 0.00861 4.15 56 11.1 0.098 7.78 7.78 17.0 31.8 0.00813 4.03 57 9.13 0.12 8.91 8.44 12.6 42.7 0.00815 4.17 58 9.70 0.065 6.50 7.68 12.2 31.1 0.00880 4.21 59 8.17 0.047 4.62 2.42 11.3 18.4 0.00898 4.29 60 9.09 0.089 4.39 4.79 9.70 23.7 0.00877 4.17 61 15.6 0.069 4.96 11.2 31.6 33.7 0.0144 4.63 62 18.1 0.073 4.01 13.6 34.7 31.4 0.0112 4.89 63 17.0 0.097 4.11 11.9 41.7 28.8 0.0110 4.66 64 14.0 0.070 4.51 7.69 40.4 26.6 0.00982 4.51 65 13.3 0.060 4.18 9.89 35.8 30.5 0.0127 4.51 66 16.6 0.075 4.17 8.35 40.1 35.0 0.0116 4.55 67 13.3 0.068 4.96 9.23 51.6 12.7 0.0135 4.53 68 11.7 0.033 4.20 2.12 56.1 19.2 0.00821 4.37 69 11.2 0.066 4.73 3.68 44.7 30.3 0.0105 4.26 70 14.3 0.053 8.65 3.20 30.0 23.0 0.0038 4.87 71 9.65 0.067 6.67 7.89 12.4 31.2 0.0058 4.38 72 16.5 0.075 4.23 8.54 41.3 35.9 0.0119 4.56 星火牧场 73 14.9 0.092 137 7.85 38.2 40.6 0.0113 4.16 74 13.7 0.083 33.0 4.20 28.2 34.4 0.0101 4.20 75 12.8 0.12 19.3 6.39 36.9 33.3 0.00980 3.89 76 13.4 0.10 8.99 0.33 35.5 23.1 0.00928 3.92 77 71.4 0.17 23.4 11.5 49.6 43.3 0.00663 3.59 78 19.0 0.049 15.6 2.73 26.2 31.9 0.0157 4.45 79 60.1 0.084 12.5 9.72 49.0 38.6 0.0130 4.22 80 16.2 0.094 19.0 6.81 52.2 31.5 0.00960 4.21 81 10.3 0.14 5.20 22.5 13.9 46.7 0.00938 3.30 82 8.98 0.14 6.80 8.96 19.1 41.1 0.00926 3.30 83 10.9 0.16 6.68 18.2 23.1 54.3 0.0149 3.57 84 11.8 0.11 4.91 6.58 18.7 33.5 0.00836 3.28 85 11.7 0.17 4.25 5.42 18.0 32.9 0.00791 3.16 86 13.4 0.080 7.91 8.69 19.6 31.7 0.0152 3.46 87 14.4 0.10 9.86 11.5 24.2 36.5 0.00862 3.19 88 14.7 0.14 6.61 8.84 23.8 34.4 0.00698 3.21 89 13.6 0.055 4.63 8.83 58.1 34.6 0.0103 4.57 90 14.2 0.095 4.12 10.1 50.7 45.0 0.0119 4.74 91 14.3 0.086 4.94 11.9 29.2 46.2 0.0128 4.84 92 13.6 0.15 4.64 10.9 38.8 41.2 0.00989 4.52 93 16.1 0.14 4.03 9.48 40.1 23.9 0.0124 4.70 94 12.8 0.10 4.12 6.81 37.9 23.4 0.0101 4.31 95 14.9 0.064 4.91 10.4 54.5 32.0 0.0129 4.09 96 14.6 0.064 4.77 8.59 62.3 23.4 0.0113 4.84 表 2 地积累指数(Igeo)分级标准
Table 2. Grading standards of the geo-accumulation index (Igeo)
地累积指数
Igeo分级
Grade污染程度
Pollution degreeIgeo ≤ 0 0 无污染 0 < Igeo ≤ 1 1 轻度-中等污染 1 < Igeo ≤ 2 2 中等污染 2 < Igeo ≤ 3 3 中等-强污染 3 < Igeo ≤ 4 4 强污染 4 < Igeo ≤ 5 5 强-极严重污染 5 < Igeo ≤ 10 6 极严重污染 注:表中分级标准见参考文献[13]。 表 3 潜在危害系数(Ei)和生态危害指数(RI)分级标准
Table 3. Grading standards of potential ecological risk factors (Ei) and ecological risk indices (RI)
潜在危害系数
Ei生态危害指数
RI潜在风险程度
Potential risk level< 40 < 150 轻度生态危害 40 ≤ Ei < 80 150 ≤ RI < 300 中等生态危害 80 ≤ Ei < 160 300 ≤ RI < 600 较强生态危害 160 ≤ Ei < 320 ≥ 600 很强生态危害 ≥ 320 极度生态危害 注:表中分级标准见参考文献[14]。 表 4 农田土壤重金属含量统计值
Table 4. Statistics on soil heavy metal content in farmland
元素
Element最小值
Minimum
(mg kg−1)最大值
Maximum
(mg kg−1)平均值
Arithmetic mean
(mg kg−1)标准差
Standard deviation变异系数
Coefficient of Variation
(%)富集比例
Enrichment ratio风险筛选值
Risk screening value
(mg kg−1)Cd 0.033 0.41 0.11 0.071 65.12 53/96 0.60 Hg 0.00304 0.0157 0.0102 0.0030 29.61 0 3.40 As 3.16 4.89 4.16 0.52 12.42 0 25 Pb 6.35 71.4 16.9 11.62 68.83 13/96 170 Cr 4.01 137 11.7 14.52 124.12 1/96 250 Cu 0.33 23.5 8.89 4.05 4.49 4/96 100 Ni 4.83 62.3 30.8 14.46 46.89 58/96 190 Zn 12.70 155 42.4 28.45 67.13 11/96 300 pH 7.02 9.60 8.09 0.33 4.03 – – 有机质 13.50 45.00 22.51 5.29 23.52 – – 水溶性盐 0.19 1.86 0.86 0.37 43.23 – – 注:pH无单位,水溶性盐的单位为g kg−1,有机质的单位为g kg−1。 表 5 重金属元素地积累指数Igeo及分级
Table 5. The geo-accumulation index ( Igeo) and the grading of heavy metals
元素
Element样本数(个)
Number of samplesIgeo 污染程度
Pollution degree等级
Grade最小值
Minimum平均值
Arithmetic mean最大值
MaximumCd 96 −0.70 0.11 1.79 轻度-中等污染 1 Hg 96 −2.98 −1.32 −0.61 无污染 0 As 96 −2.15 −1.76 −1.52 无污染 0 Pb 96 −2.42 −1.21 1.07 无污染 0 Cr 96 −4.25 −3.10 0.84 无污染 0 Cu 96 −6.40 −1.89 −0.26 无污染 0 Ni 96 −2.91 −0.44 −0.78 无污染 0 Zn 96 −2.76 −1.23 0.85 无污染 0 表 6 8种土壤重金属元素地积累指数(Igeo)分级及频率分布
Table 6. Frequency distribution of Igeo grading of 8 heavy metals in soils
元素
Element等级
Grade污染程度
Pollution degree频数
Number频率
Frequency(%)Cd 0 无污染 53 55.2 1 轻度-中等 36 37.5 2 中等 7 7.3 Hg 0 无污染 96 100 As 0 无污染 96 100 Pb 0 无污染 89 92.7 1 轻度-中等 7 7.3 2 中等 0 0 Cr 0 无污染 95 99.0 1 轻度-中等 0 0 2 中等 1 1.0 Cu 0 无污染 96 100 Ni 0 无污染 59 61.5 1 轻度-中等 37 38.5 Zn 0 无污染 86 89.6 1 轻度-中等 10 10.4 表 7 土壤重金属总量的潜在生态风险指数
Table 7. Potential ecological risk index of total soil heavy metals
项目
ItemEri RI Cd Hg As Pb Cr Cu Ni Zn 均值 41.30 25.40 4.46 3.72 0.46 2.37 6.38 0.74 84.84 最小值 12.35 7.59 3.39 1.40 0.16 0.09 1.00 0.22 45.83 最大值 155.9 39.33 5.25 15.72 5.38 6.27 12.90 2.71 190.23 表 8 土壤重金属元素间相关性分析(n=96)
Table 8. Correlation analysis for heavy metals in soil(n=96)
元素
ElementPb Cd Cr Cu Ni Zn Hg As Pb 1 Cd 0.508** 1 Cr 0.231** 0.191 1 Cu 0.215* 0.416** 0.011 1 Ni 0.219* −0.159 0.083 −0.232* 1 Zn 0.658** 0.819** 0.244* 0.375** −0.131 1 Hg −0.159 −0.477** 0.006 −0.178 0.170 −0.318** 1 As −0.433** −0.665** −0.192 −0.213* 0.182 −0.603** 0.391** 1 注:双尾检验,**表示在P < 0.01水平上显著,*表示在P < 0.05水平上显著。 -
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