化肥氮素减施条件下生物炭施用对冬瓜产量和品质及土壤氮素淋失的影响

Effect of Biochar Application on Yield and Quality of White Gourd and Soil Nitrogen Leaching with Fertilizer Nitrogen Reduction

    摘要
  • 摘要:
      目的  明确冬瓜产量、品质及土壤氮素淋失对化肥氮素减施与生物炭施用的响应，为珠三角地区蔬菜生产科学施用氮肥和生物炭提供理论依据。
      方法  在佛山市三水区开展2年田间小区试验，试验设对照（Control）、常规施肥（100%N）、减氮30%（70%N）、减氮30% + 生物炭10 t hm−2（70%N + BC10）和减氮30% + 生物炭20 t hm−2（70%N + BC20）5个处理，测定各处理冬瓜产量与品质、土壤氮素淋失与养分指标等的变化。
      结果  相较100%N处理，70%N处理2019年冬瓜产量降低27.4%；而70%N + BC10和70%N + BC20处理冬瓜产量较70%N处理2019年分别提高18.2%和32.6%，2020年分别提高13.8%和 46.3%，其产量水平与100%N处理相当，说明施用生物炭对冬瓜有显著增产效果，且单位面积冬瓜数量、单瓜重及瓜长均有所提高。与70%N处理相比，生物炭与等氮量配施各处理冬瓜亚硝酸盐含量降低、维生素C含量提高，可溶性固形物、出汁率、总酸度等指标变化不显著，且以施用10 t hm−2生物炭处理改善冬瓜品质效果更明显；2020年70%N + BC10和70%N + BC20处理的淋溶水硝态氮含量平均降低8.6%和7.2%，70%N + BC10处理的淋溶水平均总氮含量降低4.3%。化肥氮素减施30%条件下，生物炭施用处理土壤pH值提高0.81 ~ 1.55个单位，有机质含量提高4.0% ~ 8.9%。
      结论  在化肥氮素减施30%条件下，施用10 t hm−2和20 t hm−2生物炭可获得与常规施氮（不减施氮肥）处理相当的产量，且当生物炭施用量为10 t hm−2时改善冬瓜品质效果明显；同时，施用生物炭能够矫正土壤酸度、提高有机质含量并减少氮素淋溶损失。

     

    Abstract:
      Objectives  The aim was to clarify the responses of white gourd yield, quality and soil nitrogen (N) leaching to fertilizer-N reduction and biochar application, which can provide a theoretical basis for scientific application of N fertilizer and biochar for vegetable production in the Pearl River Delta Region.
      Methods  A 2-year field experiment was conducted in Sanshui District, Foshan City to observe the changes in white gourd yield, quality, N leaching and soil nutrients under 5 treatments, including control (Control), traditional fertilizer (100%N), 30% N reduction (70%N), 30% N reduction + biochar 10 t hm−2 (70%N + BC10) and 30% N reduction + biochar 20 t hm−2 (70%N + BC20).
      Results  Compared with 100%N treatment, the yield of white gourd under 70%N treatment was significantly reduced by 27.4% in 2019. Compared to the 70%N treatment, the white gourd yield increased by 18.2%-32.6% (2019) and 13.8%-46.3% (2020) in the 70%N + BC10 and 70%N + BC20 treatments and their yield levels were equal to N100% treatment, which indicated that biochar had a significant yield increasing effect on white gourd. Moreover, the number of white gourds, the weight per white gourd and the length of white gourd were all increased in the biochar amended treatments. Compared to the 70%N treatment, biochar application reduced the nitrite content and increased the vitamin C content, and improved the quality of white gourds. There was no significant effect on soluble solid, juice yield and total acidity, but the 70%N + BC20 treatment significantly reduced the total sugar content of white gourd in 2019. Therefore, the application of 10 t hm−2 biochar could improve the quality of white gourd. Compared to 70%N, the nitrate content of leachate was reduced by an average of 8.6% and 7.2% in the 70%N + BC10 and 70%N + BC20 treatments in 2020, and the total N content of leachate also reduced by 4.3% in the 70%N + BC10 treatment. Under reduced N conditions, biochar application increased soil pH by 0.81-1.55 units and soil organic matter content by 4.0%-8.9%.
      Conclusions  Based on the results of a 2-year field plot experiment, the application of biochar significantly increased the yield of white gourd and farmers could obtain the yield equivalent to that of conventional N application under 30%N reduction. Application of biochar with 10 t hm−2 improved the quality of white gourd. Meanwhile, the application of biochar improved the soil pH condition, increased organic matter content, and reduced N leaching losses.

     

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