Pollution Characteristics, Health Risks and Source Analysis of Surface Soil Heavy Metals in Urban Parks of Datong City
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摘要:
目的 为了解大同市城区公园表层土壤中重金属污染特征、健康风险和污染来源。 方法 于2021年4月在大同市7个公园共采集54个0 ~ 10 cm表层土壤样品,测定铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)含量,利用地累积污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评价模型评价土壤重金属污染程度,并采用绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型解析重金属污染来源及其贡献率。 结果 大同市公园表层土壤中9种重金属含量均高于山西省A层土壤背景值。其中,所调查的公园土壤中As、Cd和Pb含量分别是土壤背景值的2.27、18.93和2.77倍。文瀛湖公园表层土壤重金属污染最严重,其次是御河公园,Cd是主要污染因子。Mn对成人和儿童造成的非致癌健康风险最大,其次是As和Cr;经呼吸吸入途径造成的非致癌健康风险高于经口摄入途径和皮肤接触途径。 结论 大同市各公园表层土壤中重金属对成人造成的非致癌健康风险指数均在可接受范围内,而对儿童造成的非致癌健康风险指数均远大于1.0,存在非致癌风险。Co对成人和儿童造成的致癌健康风险指数均大于1 × 10−4,存在致癌风险。大同市城区公园表层土壤中重金属的主要来源为土壤母质、交通和燃煤,其贡献率分别为48.93%、30.79%和20.28%。本研究结果可为大同市城区公园表层土壤污染控制和城市规划提供重要理论依据。 Abstract:Objective The paper aims to understand the pollution characteristics, health risks and pollution sources of heavy metals in the surface soil of urban parks in Datong city. Method Fifty four 54 surface soil samples of 0 - 10 cm were collected from 7 parks in Datong city in April 2021, and the concentrations of chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined. The Geo-accumulation index, Potential ecological risk index and Health risk assessment model were used to assess the heavy metal pollution, and the sources and contribution rates of heavy metal pollution were analyzed by the Absolute Principal Component Score-Multiple Linear Regression model. Result The results showed that the concentrations of 9 heavy metals in the surface soil from parks in Datong city were all higher than that in the background values of A layer soil in Shanxi Province. The concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the soils of the parks were 2.27, 18.93 and 2.77 times of the background value, respectively. Heavy metal pollution in surface soil of Wenying Lake Park was the most serious, followed by Yuhe Park, and Cd was the main pollution factor. Mn posed the greatest non-carcinogenic health risk to adults and children, followed by As and Cr. Inhalation posed the higher non-carcinogenic health risks than oral ingestion and dermal absorption. Conclusion The non-carcinogenic health risk index of heavy metals in the surface soil of each park in Datong city for adults were all within the acceptable range, while the non-carcinogenic health risk index for children were all much higher than 1.0, indicating the non-carcinogenic health risk. The carcinogenic health risk index of Co for both adults and children was greater than 1 × 10−4, indicating the carcinogenic risk. The main sources of heavy metals in the surface soil of urban parks in Datong city were soil parent material, transportation and coal burning, and their contribution rates were 48.93%, 30.79% and 20.28%, respectively. The results of this study can provide an important theoretical basis for soil pollution control and urban planning in the urban parks of Datong city. -
Key words:
- Urban park /
- Surface soil /
- Heavy metals /
- Pollution assessment /
- Source analysis /
- Datong city
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表 1 重金属污染程度分级标准[4]
Table 1. Classification standard of heavy metal pollution
级别
Level地累积污染指数
Geo-accumulation index潜在生态风险指数
Potential ecological risk indexIgeo 污染等级
Class of pollutionEi RI 风险等级
Class of ecological risk1 Igeo ≤ 0 未受污染 Ei < 40 RI < 110 轻微生态风险 2 0 < Igeo ≤ 1 未污染到中度污染 40 ≤ Ei < 80 150 ≤ RI < 300 中等生态风险 3 1 < Igeo ≤ 2 中度污染 80 ≤ Ei < 160 300 ≤ RI < 600 强生态风险 4 2 < Igeo ≤ 3 中度至重度污染 160 ≤ Ei < 320 600 ≤ RI < 1200 很强生态风险 5 3 < Igeo≤ 4 严重污染 320 ≤ Ei 1200 ≤ RI 极强生态风险 6 4 < Igeo ≤ 5 严重或极严重污染 7 Igeo > 5 严重污染 表 2 重金属健康风险评估模型相关参数[4]
Table 2. Parameters used in health risk assessment model of heavy metal
参数
Parameter单位
Unit儿童
Child成人
Adult表层土壤重金属含量/c mg kg−1 暴露年限/ED a 6 24 平均体重/BW kg 19.2 61.8 暴露频率/EF d a−1 350 350 平均暴露时间/AT d 365 × ED (非致癌) 365 × 76 (致癌) 经手−口摄入频率/IRg mg d−1 200 100 呼吸频率/IRh m3 d−1 7.5 14.5 皮肤表面土壤粘附系数/AF mg cm−2 d−1 0.2 0.07 暴露皮肤面积/SA cm2 d−1 1600 4350 皮肤接触吸收效率因子/ABS 无量纲 0.001 空气中可吸入颗粒物含量/PM10 mg m−3 0.15 吸入土壤颗粒物在体内滞留比列/PLAF 无量纲 0.75 空气中来自土壤颗粒物的占比/FSPO 无量纲 0.5 表 3 重金属不同暴露途径的参考剂量(RfD)和斜率因子(SF)[4]
Table 3. Parameters used in health risk assessment model of heavy metal
重金属
Heavy metal参考剂量
RfD斜率因子
SF手口摄入
Ingestion呼吸吸入
Inhalation皮肤接触
Dermal手口摄入
Ingestion呼吸吸入
Inhalation皮肤接触
DermalCr 3.00 × 10−3 2.86 × 10−5 6.00 × 10−5 − 4.20 × 101 − Mn 4.60 × 10−2 1.43 × 10−5 1.84 × 10−3 − − − Co 2.00 × 10−2 5.71 × 10−6 1.60 × 10−2 − 9.80 × 100 − Ni 2.00 × 10−2 2.06 × 10−2 5.40 × 10−3 − 8.40 × 10−1 − Cu 4.00 × 10−2 4.00 × 10−2 1.20 × 10−2 − − − Zn 3.00 × 10−1 3.00 × 10−1 6.00 × 10−2 − − − As 3.00 × 10−4 3.01 × 10−4 1.23 × 10−4 3.80 × 10−1 1.50 × 100 1.52 × 100 Cd 1.00 × 10−3 1.00 × 10−3 1.00 × 10−5 1.50 × 100 7.05 × 100 3.66 × 100 Pb 3.50 × 10−3 3.52 × 10−3 5.25 × 10−3 − − − 注:“−”表示没有相关数据。 表 4 大同市公园土壤中重金属含量(mg kg−1)
Table 4. Concentration of soil heavy metals from parks in Datong City
研究区域
Study area指标
IndexCr Mn Co Ni Cu Zn As Cd Pb 大同公园 平均值 61.03 680.77 10.81 26.45 24.00 62.56 24.06 1.11 46.92 标准差 3.48 3.40 27.54 0.42 1.67 0.65 5.64 1.27 0.16 儿童公园 平均值 64.28 684.14 11.56 26.97 22.44 54.25 23.23 1.46 39.64 标准差 5.50 1.90 42.60 0.54 1.58 0.92 2.57 1.39 0.12 智家堡公园 平均值 72.54 773.01 14.18 32.56 24.31 73.06 21.32 1.72 40.29 标准差 5.04 3.44 82.41 1.11 2.63 1.04 3.28 1.20 0.09 城墙公园 平均值 62.92 712.09 12.55 28.58 24.19 61.22 22.03 2.02 39.48 标准差 2.11 3.05 23.84 0.51 1.56 1.43 5.17 1.45 0.09 御河公园 平均值 73.67 765.56 14.98 33.68 26.44 74.82 22.34 2.15 40.92 标准差 5.66 5.82 65.20 1.07 2.87 2.12 10.16 1.44 0.12 绿轴公园 平均值 66.84 705.35 13.58 30.40 22.39 80.39 19.18 2.17 37.08 标准差 6.30 3.53 31.54 1.10 0.77 0.26 40.94 5.36 0.10 文瀛湖公园 平均值 57.79 873.89 13.04 27.99 22.73 110.23 15.86 2.30 40.76 标准差 22.81 17.34 445.04 1.26 9.02 4.33 45.90 3.53 0.75 所有土壤样品 最小值 44.03 527.81 10.24 19.67 10.89 29.92 11.52 0.94 23.81 最大值 84.82 1904.93 16.66 38.57 30.41 182.81 26.55 4.76 102.17 平均值 66.35 759.36 13.19 30.18 23.96 73.11 20.69 1.93 40.75 标准偏差 7.51 227.96 1.68 4.01 2.84 27.20 3.97 0.54 9.93 偏度 −0.14 4.33 0.13 −0.07 −1.49 2.65 −0.91 2.29 4.56 峰度 0.82 19.70 −0.78 0.08 7.69 7.92 −0.23 13.46 28.03 变异系数(CV %) 11.31 30.02 12.74 13.28 11.85 37.20 19.18 28.07 24.37 山西省A层土壤重金属背景值[20] 55.30 532.00 10.10 29.90 22.90 63.50 9.10 0.10 14.70 全国A层土壤重金属背景值[20] 61.00 583.0 12.70 26.90 22.60 74.20 11.20 0.10 26.00 表 5 大同市公园土壤中重金属污染等级百分比
Table 5. Percentages of soil heavy metal pollution grades in parks in Datong city
污染等级
Class of pollutionCr Mn Co Ni Cu Zn As Cd Pb 未受污染 98.15% 90.74% 87.04% 100.00% 100.00% 92.59% 9.26% 0 0 未污染到中度污染 1.85% 9.26% 12.96% 0 0 7.41% 90.74% 0 81.48% 中度污染 0 3.70% 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.67% 中度至重度污染 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90.74% 1.85% 严重污染 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.41% 0 严重或极严重污染 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.85% 0 严重污染 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 表 6 大同市公园土壤中重金属非致癌健康风险指数统计
Table 6. Statistics analysis for non-carcinogenic risk index of soil heavy metals from parks in Datong city
研究区域
Study area经口摄入非致癌风险商
HQing呼吸吸入非致癌风险商
HQinh皮肤接触非致癌风险商
HQderm非致癌风险指数
HI成人
Adult儿童
Child成人
Adult儿童
Child成人
Adult儿童
Child成人
Adult儿童
Child大同公园 1.89 × 10−1 2.16 × 100 2.90 × 10−1 4.46 × 100 2.83 × 10−2 1.67 × 10−1 5.07 × 10−1 6.79 × 100 儿童公园 1.88 × 10−1 2.15 × 100 3.12 × 10−1 4.79 × 100 2.83 × 10−2 1.68 × 10−1 5.28 × 10−1 7.11 × 100 智家堡公园 2.18 × 10−1 2.49 × 100 2.77 × 10−1 4.27 × 100 3.53 × 10−2 2.09 × 10−1 5.30 × 10−1 6.97 × 100 城墙公园 2.40 × 10−1 2.75 × 100 2.70 × 10−1 4.15 × 100 2.50 × 10−2 1.48 × 10−1 5.35 × 10−1 7.05 × 100 御河公园 2.78 × 10−1 3.18 × 100 3.97 × 10−1 6.10 × 100 3.32 × 10−2 1.97 × 10−1 7.08 × 10−1 9.48 × 100 绿轴公园 2.30 × 10−1 2.64 × 100 3.26 × 10−1 5.01 × 100 3.12 × 10−2 1.85 × 10−1 5.87 × 10−1 7.83 × 100 文瀛湖公园 2.06 × 10−1 2.36 × 100 3.06 × 10−1 4.70 × 100 2.32 × 10−2 1.37 × 10−1 5.36 × 10−1 7.21 × 100 所有土壤样品 Cr 3.80 × 10−2 4.35 × 10−1 1.22 × 10−2 1.86 × 10−1 1.55 × 10−2 9.18 × 10−2 6.57 × 10−2 7.13 × 10−1 Mn 2.81 × 10−2 3.23 × 10−1 2.76 × 10−1 4.24 × 100 5.75 × 10−3 3.41 × 10−2 3.09 × 10−1 4.59 × 100 Co 1.12 × 10−3 1.29 × 10−2 1.20 × 10−2 1.84 × 10−1 1.15 × 10−5 6.80 × 10−5 1.31 × 10−2 1.97 × 10−1 Ni 2.59 × 10−3 2.96 × 10−2 7.65 × 10−6 1.17 × 10−4 7.81 × 10−5 4.63 × 10−4 2.68 × 10−3 3.02 × 10−2 Cu 1.01 × 10−3 1.15 × 10−2 3.07 × 10−6 4.71 × 10−5 2.74 × 10−5 1.62 × 10−4 1.04 × 10−3 1.17 × 10−2 Zn 4.14 × 10−4 4.75 × 10−3 1.27 × 10−6 1.94 × 10−5 1.69 × 10−5 1.00 × 10−4 4.32 × 10−4 4.86 × 10−3 As 1.19 × 10−1 1.36 × 100 3.60 × 10−4 5.54 × 10−3 2.36 × 10−3 1.40 × 10−2 1.22 × 10−1 1.38 × 100 Cd 3.30 × 10−3 3.76 × 10−2 1.00 × 10−5 1.54 × 10−4 2.68 × 10−3 1.59 × 10−2 5.99 × 10−3 5.37 × 10−2 Pb 1.92 × 10−2 2.19 × 10−1 5.79 × 10−5 8.89 × 10−4 1.04 × 10−4 6.17 × 10−4 1.93 × 10−2 2.21 × 10−1 总计 2.13 × 10−1 2.43 × 100 3.00 × 10−1 4.62 × 100 2.65 × 10−2 1.57 × 10−1 5.39 × 10−1 7.21 × 100 表 7 大同市公园土壤中重金属致癌健康风险指数统计
Table 7. Statistics analysis for carcinogenic risk index of soil heavy metals from parks in Datong city
研究区域
Study area经口摄入致癌风险商
CRing呼吸吸入致癌风险商
CRinh皮肤接触致癌风险商
CRderm致癌风险指数
TCR成人
Adults儿童
Child成人
Adults儿童
Child成人
Adults儿童
Child成人
Adults儿童
Child大同公园 5.87 × 10−6 6.72 × 10−5 4.96 × 10−4 7.62 × 10−3 2.18 × 10−6 1.29 × 10−5 5.04 × 10−4 7.70 × 10−3 儿童公园 5.99 × 10−6 6.85 × 10−5 5.30 × 10−4 8.15 × 10−3 2.73 × 10−6 1.62 × 10−5 5.39 × 10−4 8.23 × 10−3 智家堡公园 5.80 × 10−6 6.64 × 10−5 6.49 × 10−4 9.98 × 10−3 3.11 × 10−6 1.85 × 10−5 6.58 × 10−4 1.01 × 10−2 城墙公园 6.19 × 10−6 7.08 × 10−5 5.74 × 10−4 8.83 × 10−3 3.61 × 10−6 2.14 × 10−5 5.84 × 10−4 8.92 × 10−3 御河公园 6.36 × 10−6 7.28 × 10−5 6.85 × 10−4 1.05 × 10−2 3.82 × 10−6 2.27 × 10−5 6.95 × 10−4 1.06 × 10−2 绿轴公园 5.72 × 10−6 6.55 × 10−5 6.21 × 10−4 9.55 × 10−3 3.80 × 10−6 2.25 × 10−5 6.31 × 10−4 9.64 × 10−3 文瀛湖公园 5.14 × 10−6 5.88 × 10−5 5.95 × 10−4 9.16 × 10−3 3.96 × 10−6 2.35 × 10−5 6.05 × 10−4 9.24 × 10−3 所有土壤样品 Cr − − 9.67 × 10−6 1.48 × 10−4 − − 9.67 × 10−6 1.48 × 10−4 Co − − 5.94 × 10−4 9.13 × 10−3 − − 5.94 × 10−4 9.13 × 10−3 Ni − − 1.10 × 10−8 1.68 × 10−7 − − 1.10 × 10−8 1.68 × 10−7 As 4.28 × 10−6 4.90 × 10−5 2.10 × 10−8 3.23 × 10−7 3.41 × 10−7 2.02 × 10−6 4.64 × 10−6 5.13 × 10−5 Cd 1.56 × 10−6 1.78 × 10−5 2.23 × 10−10 3.42 × 10−9 3.10 × 10−6 1.84 × 10−5 4.66 × 10−6 3.62 × 10−5 总计 5.84 × 10−6 6.68 × 10−5 6.03 × 10−4 9.28 × 10−3 3.44 × 10−6 2.04 × 10−5 6.13 × 10−4 9.37 × 10−3 注:“−”表示没有相关数据。 表 8 大同市公园土壤中重金属主成分分析
Table 8. Principal component analysis of soil heavy metals from parks in Datong city
元素
Element主成分因子
Principal component factor因子1
Factor 1因子2
Factor 2因子3
Factor 3Cr 0.93 −0.03 0.16 Mn 0.80 −0.25 0.08 Co 0.77 0.47 −0.09 Ni 0.94 0.00 −0.26 Cu 0.81 −0.19 0.23 Zn 0.17 0.72 0.01 As 0.10 −0.12 0.92 Cd 0.05 0.88 −0.09 Pb −0.11 0.62 0.69 初始特征值 4.82 1.87 1.03 方差贡献率 53.58% 20.77% 11.49% 表 9 大同市与其它城市公园土壤中重金属的地累积污染指数
Table 9. Geo-accumulation pollution index of soil heavy metals from parks in Datong city and other cities
研究区域
Study area采样时间
Time of samplingCr Mn Co Ni Cu Zn As Cd Pb 呼和浩特市[2] 2011 1.58 1.32 − 0.95 2.33 1.85 1.02 − −0.95 北京市[8] 2017 −1.04 −0.82 −0.89 −0.49 −0.70 − 0.07 − −0.52 西安市[6] 2016 −0.45 −0.30 0.67 −0.47 0.10 −0.09 −0.40 − 0.21 长春市[27] 2019 −1.90 − − − 0.90 −0.33 −0.68 0.83 −1.11 天津市[28] 2007 0.61 − − 0.91 1.27 1.47 − 2.78 0.01 大同市 2021 −0.33 −0.11 −0.21 −0.58 −0.53 −0.45 0.57 3.61 0.89 注:“−”表示没有相关数据。 表 10 大同市公园土壤中重金属污染源贡献率及其预测值与实测值
Table 10. Pollution source contribution ratio, predicted and observed data of surface soil heavy metals from urban parks in Datong city
元素
Element预测值(mg kg−1)
Predicted data实测值(mg kg−1)
Observed dataR2 元素
Element主成分因子贡献率(%)
Contribution ratio of principal component factor因子1
Factor 1因子2
Factor 2因子3
Factor 3Cr 66.26 66.35 0.90 Cr 90.17 1.45 8.38 Mn 768.50 759.36 0.70 Mn 55.26 37.97 6.76 Co 13.280 13.19 0.82 Co 74.23 20.92 4.85 Ni 30.26 30.18 0.95 Ni 86.73 0.04 13.23 Cu 23.79 23.96 0.74 Cu 79.27 8.49 12.23 Zn 73.16 73.11 0.54 Zn 34.12 64.58 1.30 As 20.90 20.69 0.90 As 15.42 7.91 76.67 Cd 1.91 1.93 0.79 Cd 8.91 81.41 9.68 Pb 40.31 40.75 0.87 Pb 13.57 37.02 49.41 总计 48.93 30.79 20.28 -
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