Soil Aggregate Stability and the Variation in Organic Carbon Content of Pedogenic Horizons in Typical Paddy Red Earth
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摘要:
目的 探究土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性对土壤有机碳(SOC)的储存与周转的影响机制。 方法 以江西鹰潭孙家典型红壤小流域内不同坡位稻田红壤发生层土壤为研究对象，分析了机械稳定性团聚体（MSA）、水稳定性团聚体（WSA）比例及其有机碳含量、团聚体破碎率（PAD）、平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均重量直径（GMD）及分形维数（D）等指标的剖面变化差异，并借助于结构方程模型（SEM）探讨了各指标间的相关关系。 结果 不同坡位稻田红壤各发生层的MSA比例以10 ~ 5 mm所占比例最高（27.6% ~ 87.6%），而< 0.25 mm所占比例最低（1.59% ~ 15.3%）；以< 0.25 mm WSA所占比例最高（3.06% ~ 70.1%），5 ~ 2 mm WSA所占比例最低（0.17% ~ 20.4%）。稻田红壤发生层中团聚体碳（SOCa）均随着土壤发生层深度的增加先迅速降低后缓慢降低；其中，2 ~ 0.25 mm SOCa对SOC的贡献率（7.53% ~ 76.7%）显著高于其它粒级团聚体。PAD、MWD、GMD及D均随发生层深度增加先降低后缓慢增加，但随坡位降低显著增加。SEM分析结果表明，土壤pH、游离铁铝氧化物含量及WSA比例是影响稻田红壤SOC的重要因子。 结论 孙家小流域内典型稻田各发生层团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量主要受土层深度及坡位的共同影响，即发生层深度的增加使团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量显著降低，这一结果可以为坡耕地稻田剖面有机碳库管理提供科学依据。 Abstract:Objective The paper aimed to explore the influence mechanism of soil aggregate composition and stability on soil organic carbon storage and turnover. Methods The soil of red earth generation layer in paddy fields with different slope sites in the typical red earth watershed of Sunjia in Yingtan, Jiangxi Province, was taken as the research object. The profile variation differences of mechanical stability aggregates (MSA), water stability aggregates (WSA) and soil organic carbon (SOC) content, percentage of aggregate disruption (PAD), mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean weight diameter (GMD) and fractal dimension (D) were analyzed. The correlations among those indices were discussed by means of structural equation model (SEM). Result The proportion of MSA in each horizon of red earth in different slope sites was the highest in 10-5 mm (27.6%-87.6%), and the lowest in < 0.25 mm (1.59%-15.3%). The proportion of < 0.25 mm WSA was the highest (3.06%-70.1%), and the proportion of 5-2 mm WSA was the lowest (0.17%-20.4%). The SOC content of aggregate (SOCa) in pedogenic horizons of red paddy field decreased rapidly at first and then slowly with the increase of soil horizons depth. Among them, the contribution rate (7.53%-76.7%) of 2-0.25 mm SOCa to SOC is significantly higher than those of other size aggregates. The PAD, MWD, GMD and D all decreased first and then increased slowly with the increase of formation depth, but increased significantly with the decrease of slope site. The analysis of SEM showed that soil pH, free Fe/Al oxide content and WSA proportion were the important factors affecting SOC in paddy red earth. Conclusion The aggregate stability and SOC content of each horizon in the typical paddy field in Sunjia small watershed are mainly affected by soil depth and slope site, that is, the increase of horizon depth significantly reduces the aggregate stability and SOC content. This result can provide a scientific basis for the management of soil organic carbon pool in the profile of sloping paddy field. -
图 1 不同坡位稻田红壤发生层机械稳定性团聚体的组成比例
Figure 1. Proportions of mechanically stable aggregates (MSA) in pedogenic horizons of red paddy fields at different slope sites
图 2 不同坡位稻田红壤发生层水稳性团聚体的组成比例
Figure 2. Proportion of water-stable aggregates in pedogenic horizons of red paddy fields at different slope sites
图 3 不同坡位稻田红壤发生层水稳性团聚体内有机碳分布特征
Figure 3. Distribution characteristics of organic carbon in soil water-stable aggregates of pedogenic horizons in red paddy fields at the different slope sites
图 4 结构方程模型分析
箭头上的数值代表路径系数及其大小；***表示P < 0.001，**表示P < 0.01，*表示P < 0.05。
Figure 4. Structural equation model analysis
表 1 不同坡位稻田红壤发生层划分与描述
Table 1. Division and description of the pedogenic horizon in red paddy fields at different slope sites
坡位
Slope site剖面代码
Profile code海拔
Altitude （m）深度
Depth （cm）发生层
Pedogenic horizon描述
Profile description坡上 MP-T 46 0 ~ 20 Ap1 团粒 20 ~ 25 Ap2 块状 25 ~ 32 Bw1 弱块状 32 ~ 46 Bw2 块状 46 ~ 62 Br1 块状 62 ~ 90 Br2 块状 90 ~ 110 Cr 无结构 坡中 MP-M 44 0 ~ 18 Ap1 团粒 18 ~ 23 Ap2 块状 23 ~ 38 Br1 块状 38 ~ 50 Br2 块状 50 ~ 60 Br3 块状 60 ~ 85 BC 弱块状 85 ~ 110 C 无结构 坡下 MP-B 42 0 ~ 18 Ap1 团粒 18 ~ 23 Ap2 块状 23 ~ 40 Br1 块状 40 ~ 58 Br2 块状 58 ~ 63 Bw 弱块状 63 ~ 80 BC 无结构 80 ~ 100 Cr1 无结构 100 ~ 110 Cr2 无结构 
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表 2 不同坡位稻田红壤剖面发生层基本理化性质
Table 2. Basic physicochemical properties of the pedogenic horizon in red paddy field at different slope sites
剖面
Profile发生层
HorizonBD pHKCl SOC a-Fe2O3 a-Al2O3 f-Fe2O3 f-Al2O3 g cm–3 g kg–1 MP-T Ap1 0.76 Bd 3.97 Bd 30.3 Ba 4.63 Ac 4.64 Ab 24.4 Af 10.3 Ad Ap2 1.66 Aa 4.20 Aa 4.39 Bd 1.86 Cf 2.31 Cg 37.9 Ad 8.90 Ce Bw1 1.65 a 4.23 a 3.85 e 2.75 e 2.50 f 36.0 e 8.87 e Bw2 1.33 b 4.20 a 4.57 d 4.60 c 3.61 d 40.7 c 11.9 c Br1 1.14 c 4.02 c 5.38 c 3.85 d 3.42 e 38.7 d 11.6 c Br2 1.30 b 4.13 b 6.01 b 5.69 b 4.09 c 50.1 b 15.0 b Cr 1.20 bc 3.81 e 6.04 b 8.38 a 7.71 a 63.5 a 19.2 a MP-M Ap1 0.82 ABd 4.03 Ac 28.1 Ca 2.96 Ce 4.51 ABb 22.8 Bf 10.1 Ae Ap2 1.54 Ba 4.14 Bb 13.5 Ab 3.03 Bd 4.14 Ac 33.5 Bd 10.9 Ad Br1 1.52 a 4.19 a 6.60 d 3.51 c 3.67 d 41.8 c 12.4 c Br2 1.37 b 4.03 c 7.20 c 2.78 f 2.91 e 28.4 e 8.18 f Br3 1.25 c 4.21 a 6.40 d 2.51 g 2.86 e 34.4 d 9.77 e BC 1.17 c 4.21 a 5.97 e 3.76 b 4.42 b 55.0 b 16.8 b C 1.27 bc 4.06 c 5.44 f 7.37 a 7.36 a 58.2 a 18.9 a MP-B Ap1 0.88 Ae 3.91 Cf 32.9 Aa 3.68 Be 4.42 Bd 18.1 Cg 7.68 Bf Ap2 1.32 Cb 3.92 Cef 14.3 Ab 3.56 Af 3.94 Be 31.1 Cf 9.56 Be Br1 1.32 b 3.94 e 7.69 c 3.47 g 3.61 f 49.4 d 11.7 d Br2 1.43 a 4.08 d 5.89 e 4.26 d 3.32 g 39.1 e 10.1 e Bw 1.23 bc 4.50 a 6.71 d 3.42 g 4.46 d 52.7 c 17.5 c BC 1.13 cd 4.39 b 4.25 f 5.14 b 7.89 a 60.7 a 22.5 a Cr1 1.13 c 4.14 c 5.44 e 4.53 c 6.40 c 58.0 b 20.3 b Cr2 1.17 cd 4.10 d 4.66 f 5.98 a 7.68 b 60.4 a 21.0 b 注：相同小写字母表示同一剖面不同发生层间差异不显著（P < 0.05），相同大写字母表示不同剖面同一发生层间差异不显著（P < 0.05）。BD：土壤容重；SOC：土壤有机碳；a-Fe2O3：非晶质氧化铁；a-Al2O3：非晶质氧化铝；f-Fe2O3：游离态氧化铁；f-Al2O3：游离态氧化铝。
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表 3 不同坡位稻田红壤发生层土壤团聚体稳定性
Table 3. Soil aggregate stability of pedogenic horizons in red paddy fields at the different slope sites
样地
Sample plot发生层
Pedogenic horizonPAD MWD GMD 分形维数
D% mm MP-T Ap1 5.74 e 5.97 a 4.21 a 2.63 c Ap2 58.6 c 0.84 c 0.31 c 2.87 a Bw1 62.4 b 0.47 d 0.26 c 2.87 a Bw2 57.9 c 0.54 d 0.30 c 2.83 b Br1 66.3 a 0.43 d 0.24 c 2.88 a Br2 59.8 bc 0.54 d 0.29 c 2.84 b Cr 13.8 d 1.32 b 0.95 b 2.40 d MP-M Ap1 5.91 f 5.79 a 3.95 b 2.64 c Ap2 5.87 f 5.92 a 4.18 a 2.61 d Br1 33.7 c 1.33 c 0.62 d 2.69 b Br2 60.2 b 0.70 e 0.30 e 2.86 a Br3 67.2 a 0.47 f 0.25 e 2.88 a BC 30.7 d 0.97 d 0.59 d 2.60 c C 12.5 e 2.18 b 1.24 c 2.46 e MP-B Ap1 1.20 e 6.27 b 5.05 b 2.46 f Ap2 1.49 e 6.70 a 5.71 a 2.51 e Br1 28.6 c 2.15 d 0.88 d 2.68 bc Br2 58.1 a 0.58 g 0.30 e 2.84 a Bw 34.5 b 0.98 f 0.50 d 2.72 b BC 30.6 bc 1.27 e 0.62 d 2.69 bc Cr1 27.6 c 1.00 f 0.58 d 2.66 c Cr2 18.6 d 2.31 c 1.12 c 2.58 d 注：相同小写字母表示同一剖面不同发生层间差异不显著（P < 0.05）。
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表 4 稻田红壤发生层中各粒级团聚体有机碳对土壤总有机碳的贡献率
Table 4. The contribution rate of aggregate-associated organic carbon to soil total organic carbon in pedogenic horizons of red paddy fields
样地
Sample plot发生层
Pedogenic horizon团聚体粒级（mm）
Aggregate size10 ~ 5 5 ~ 2 2 ~ 0.25 < 0.25 MP-T Ap1 77.0 a 6.51 b 12.10 e 4.41 e Ap2 6.35 b 2.61 c 36.23 c 54.81 c Bw1 0.00 2.70 c 36.03 c 61.27 b Bw2 0.00 0.81 de 40.44 b 58.75 b Br1 0.00 0.31 e 31.90 d 67.79 a Br2 0.00 1.62 cd 39.14 bc 59.24 b Cr 0.00 15.8 a 67.48 a 16.72 d MP-M Ap1 70.3 a 9.19 b 13.73 f 6.76 f Ap2 73.1 a 7.01 c 13.64 f 6.28 f Br1 11.8 b 4.09 d 54.80 a 29.28 d Br2 6.07 c 2.17 e 46.26 d 45.50 b Br3 1.32 d 1.30 e 35.96 e 61.42 a BC 0.75 d 3.81 d 61.24 a 34.20 c C 9.47 b 19.1 a 49.39 b 22.06 e MP-B Ap1 78.0 b 11.2 a 8.70 d 2.13 e Ap2 84.7 a 6.18 bc 6.69 d 2.38 e Br1 22.4 c 6.77 b 46.88 c 23.90 d Br2 0.00 4.19 d 46.77 c 49.04 a Bw 1.84 ef 4.04 d 54.56 c 39.58 b BC 3.65 e 7.53 b 49.66 a 39.16 b Cr1 1.46 ef 4.47 cd 60.57 a 33.50 c Cr2 12.5 d 11.9 a 50.93 bc 24.71 d 注：相同小字字母表示同一剖面不同发生层间差异不显著（P < 0.05）。
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表 5 双因素方差分析
Table 5. Two factors’ analysis of variance
影响因素
Influencing factor结果
Result水稳性团聚体内有机碳含量（SOCa, g kg–1）
Organic carbon content of water stable aggregate土壤有机碳
SOC
（g kg–1）10 ~ 5 mm 5 ~ 2 mm 2 ~ 0.25 mm < 0.25 mm 坡位 III 类平方和/SS 308.4 339.8 163.3 34.0 144.2 自由度/df 2 2 2 2 2 均方/MS 154.2 169.8 81.7 17.0 72.1 F值 3.44 4.21 2.18 1.89 2.60 P值 0.04 0.02 0.13 0.16 0.09 发生层深度 III 类平方和/SS 3249.9 4017.8 4631.6 1061.1 3079.8 自由度/df 7 7 7 7 7 均方/MS 464.3 574.0 661.7 151.0 440.0 F值 10.4 14.2 17.6 16.9 15.8 P值 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
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