Abstract: The increased food consumption is producing an increasingly critical global food security issue as a result of the rapid population rise and dietary changes. Soil compaction and soil fertility have been steadily declining due to the growing mechanization of agriculture worldwide. However, the soil pressure has been significantly increased by this relatively isolated agricultural technique. Intensive farming models and large-scale planting systems have enhanced food output and somewhat reduced global food security. Soil compaction reduces soil porosity, soil water infiltration and water holding capacity by increasing soil bulk density and soil strength. At the same time, soil compaction has adverse effects on soil physical properties, especially the storage and supply of water and nutrients, and seriously endangers soil health. Therefore, soil compaction will progressively become a major issue limiting grain productivity. Based on research on soil compaction both domestically and abroad, this study thoroughly examined the impact of soil compaction on soil physical, chemical and biological properties as well as any potential mechanisms of action. It also examined the major contributing factors to soil compaction as well as potential solutions to the problem. However, it is still unclear how these elements interact to cause soil compaction. The research on soil compaction still needs to be improved in the future, including the impact of compaction on microbial community structure and the optimization of field test and indoor cultivation test methods, to provide technical support for more active and effective prevention of soil compaction and soil degradation.