深松对东北不同积温带春玉米田土壤物理特性和产量的影响

Effect of Subsoiling on Soil Properties and Yield of Spring Maize in the Northeastern Accumulated Temperate Zones

    摘要
  • 摘要:
      目的  基于东北不同积温带的差异，探究不同时期深松对春玉米田土壤物理特性和产量的影响。
      方法  于2014年在低积温带（齐齐哈尔）、中积温带（洮南）和高积温带（沈阳）开展深松试验。设置秋季30 cm深松（AS）、春季30 cm深松（SS）和常规15 cm旋耕（CT）3个处理，比对分析不同时期深松对土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤硬度和玉米产量的影响。
      结果  深松对不同积温带土壤物理特性改善和产量提升具有积极效果。各处理对土壤水分提高的总体效果为SS > AS > CT，深松对提高低、高积温带吐丝期(R1)、中积温带6叶期（V6）和R1期土壤水分最为显著。SS对改善低积温带和高积温带土壤容重效果明显，低积温带SS与CT相比，在10 ~ 20 cm、20 ~ 40 cm土壤容重分别降低8.23%和11.12%（P < 0.05）；高积温带SS在0 ~ 10 cm、10 ~ 20 cm和20 ~ 40 cm的土壤容重分别较CT低7.28%、5.68%和2.02%。SS对低、高积温带土壤硬度改善效果显著，低积温带SS与CT相比，在0 ~ 10 cm、10 ~ 20 cm和20 ~ 40 cm土壤硬度分别降低32.26%、27.46%和33.77%；高积温带SS在0 ~ 10 cm、10 ~ 20 cm和20 ~ 40 cm土壤硬度分别较CT低9.50%、8.63%和5.29%（P < 0.05）。深松对百粒重影响显著，AS和SS与CT相比，在中、低积温带粒重分别提高2.77%和5.14%、8.48%和8.48%（P < 0.05）。在产量上，AS和SS与CT相比，在低积温带和高积温带分别提高8.57%和11.43%、15.46%和12.37%（P < 0.05）。
      结论  深松能显著改善不同积温带土壤物理特性，且提高玉米产量。秋季深松和春季深松对不同积温带土壤水分提升效果明显，春季深松对土壤容重和硬度改善效果在整体上优于秋季深松。从改善土壤物理特性和玉米增产的角度考虑，推荐春季深松为东北地区最佳深松选择。

     

    Abstract:
      Objective  Based on the differences of the northeast accumulated temperature zones, the effects of subsoiling at different periods on soil physical properties and yield of spring maize were studied.
      Method  Subsoiling experiments were conducted in the low accumulated temperature zone (Qiqihar), middle accumulated temperature zone (Taonan) and high accumulated temperature zone (Shenyang) in 2014. Three treatments were set up: 30 cm subsoiling in autumn (AS), 30 cm subsoiling in spring (SS) and conventional 15 cm rotary tillage (CT). The soil water content, soil capacity, soil hardness and maize yield were determined at different periods.
      Result  Subsoiling had positive effects on soil physical properties and yield in different accumulated temperature zones. The overall effect of each treatment on soil moisture enhancement in different accumulated temperature zones was SS > AS > CT. The subsoiling was the most significant in improving soil moisture in the low and high accumulated temperature zones at the spatulation stage (R1), the medium accumulated temperature zone at the 6-leaf stage (V6) and the R1 stage. SS was significantly effective in improving soil bulk density in the low and high accumulated temperature zones. The soil bulk density was 8.23% and 11.12% lower in 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil in the low accumulated temperature zone compared with CT (P < 0.05). The soil bulk density in the SS treatment in the high accumulated temperature zone was 7.28%, 5.68% and 2.02% lower than CT at 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil, respectively. SS improved soil hardness significantly in the low and high accumulated temperature zones. The soil hardness in SS treatment in the low accumulated temperature zone was 32.26%, 27.46% and 33.77% lower than those of CT in 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm, respectively. And the soil hardness in SS treatment in the high accumulated temperature zone was 9.50%, 8.63% and 5.29% lower than that of CT (P < 0.05) in 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil, respectively. Subsoiling had a significant effect on 100-kernel weight, with AS and SS being 2.77% and 5.14%, 8.48% and 8.48% higher in the medium and low accumulated temperature zones compared to CT (P < 0.05), respectively. For yield, The treatments of AS and SS were 8.57% and 11.43%, 15.46% and 12.37% higher in the low and high accumulated temperature zones compared to CT (P < 0.05), respectively.
      Conclusion  Subsoiling can significantly improve the physical properties of soils in different accumulated temperature zones and increase maize yield. The effects of AS and SS on soil moisture enhancement in different accumulated temperature zones are obvious, and the effects of SS on soil capacity and soil hardness improvement are better than that of AS in general. From the perspective of soil improvement and yield increase, SS is recommended as the best choice for subsoiling in Northeast China.

     

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