Objective Soil conditions are an important indicators of farmland quality. Accurately understanding its spatial distribution characteristics can provide important scientific evidence for developing reserve arable land resources, maintaining national food security, and promoting international agricultural cooperation.

Method This study focuses on Russian Far East region, analyzing the spatial distribution of soil conditions using geostatistical methods based on farmland soil condition indicators. Factors such as climate, topography, and zoning were considered to explore the spatial impact mechanisms of different factors on soil conditions.

Result ① The soil conditions in Russian Far East region exhibit a certain degree of spatial similarity. The plains along the Amur River, Ussuri River, and the western coastal areas of the Kamchatka Peninsula are characterized by lower soil bulk density, higher organic carbon content, higher surface arability, and better root oxygen availability. ② The comprehensive soil condition index in Russian Far East region showed significant spatial differences, with higher indices observed in Primorsky Krai (PRI), Khabarovsk Krai (KHA), and Amur Oblast (AMU). According to the zonal statistics, the total area of suitable and moderately suitable zones is 44.3803 million hectares. ③ Among the influencing factors, surface temperature, precipitation, and road network density have higher explanatory power for soil conditions, with values of 0.341, 0.225, and 0.211, respectively. Surface temperature and road network density mainly have a positive impact around Lake Khanka, while precipitation has a positive impact in the central part of KHA and the Ussuri River basin, but a negative impact in Kamchatka Krai (KAM).

Conclusion The research results can provide scientific evidence for Sino-Russian agricultural cooperation in Russian Far East region.