Effects of Combined Application of Organic Fertilizer and Controlled-Release Compound Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Tea, and Soil Chemistry Properties
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摘要: 合理施肥对于提高茶叶产量和品质具有重要作用。通过3年田间试验,对比研究了6种施肥模式(常规化肥、控释复合肥、常规化肥 + 有机肥、控释复合肥 + 有机肥、70%常规化肥 + 有机肥、70%控释复合肥 + 有机肥)对茶叶产量、品质和土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,一次性施用茶树专用控释复合肥能够达到常规化肥1年4次施用的增产效果,并显著提高了夏茶茶叶品质。与单施常规化肥相比,增施有机肥处理的茶叶产量提高10.6% ~ 14.0%,达显著水平(P < 0 .05),净收益增加8.0% ~ 18.3%,并显著提高了茶叶水浸出物和游离氨基酸总量,降低茶多酚含量和酚氨比。与常规化肥增施有机肥相比,控释复合肥增施有机肥茶叶产量提高了3.0%(P < 0.05),净收益增加7.6% ~ 8.5%,夏茶水浸出物含量提高1.34% ~ 1.39%,茶多酚含量降低了2.7% ~ 4.7%,达显著水平(P < 0.05)。70%常规化肥 + 有机肥或70%控释复合肥 + 有机肥处理的茶叶产量及品质与全量施肥增施有机肥处理相比均无显著性差异。在培肥土壤方面,增施有机肥处理显著提高了茶园0 ~ 20 cm土层土壤pH、有机质、全氮和速效氮含量。因此,从施肥方便性、茶叶产量、经济效益、茶叶品质和培肥土壤方面综合考虑,与施用常规化肥相比,控释复合肥减少用量30%并增施有机肥是最优推荐施肥措施。Abstract: The reasonable fertilization plays an important role to promote the yield and the quality of tea. A three-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of six fertilization modes (common fertilizer, CF; controlled-release compound fertilizer, CRF; CF + organic fertilizer, CF + OF; CRF + OF; 70%CF + OF; 70% CRF + OF) on soil chemistry, yield and quality of tea leaves. The results showed that under the same amount of fertilizer, the single application of CRF to tea tree could achieve the same effect of increasing yield by the ordinary CF applied 4 times per year, and significantly improved the quality of summer tea as well. Compared with the CF application alone, the organic fertilizer application could significantly increase the yield of tea leaves by 10.6% ~ 14.0% and promote the net income by 8.0% ~ 18.3%. Moreover, it significantly increased the tea water extracts and the free amino acids, reduced the contents of tea polyphenols and the phenol-ammonia ratio. Compared with the CF + OF treatment, the CRF + OF treatment significantly improved the yield of tea leaves by 3.0% and promote the net income by 7.6% ~ 8.5%. Meanwhile, the contents of summer tea extracts were increased by 1.34% ~ 1.39%, while the contents of tea polyphenols were decreased by 2.7% ~ 4.7%. There were no significantly differences in the yield and the quality of tea leaves between the treatments with 70% CF + OF or 70% CRF + OF and those with 100%fertilizer application + OF. The organic fertilizer application significantly increased soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen and available nitrogen in the 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer. In general, from the aspects of fertilization convenience, tea yield, net income, quality and soil nutrient, the combined application of CRF with 30% reduction and organic fertilizer would the best recommended fertilization measure.
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Key words:
- Organic fertilizer /
- Controlled-release compound fertilizer /
- Tea yield /
- Quality /
- Soil fertility
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表 1 施肥处理和施肥量
Table 1. Experiment design and fertilizer application amount
处理
Treatment养分含量(kg hm−2 yr−1)
Nutrient content肥料施用量(kg hm−2 yr−1)
Fertilizer applicationN P2O5 K2O 尿素 磷酸二铵 硫酸钾 控释复合肥 有机肥 CF 300 90 210 575.6 195.7 420 0 0 CRF 300 90 210 0 0 0 1500 0 CF + OF 524 235 345 575.6 195.7 420 0 3000 CF 70% + OF 434 208 282 402.9 137.0 294 0 3000 CRF + OF 524 235 345 0 0 0 1500 3000 CRF 70% + OF 434 208 282 0 0 0 1050 3000 表 2 不同施肥模式对茶叶产量的影响
Table 2. Effects of different fertilization treatments on the yield of tea
处理
Treatment年产量(kg hm−2)
Annual yield平均产量(kg hm−2)
Average yield增产(%)
Percentage of increase yield2016 2017 2018 CF 3516.73 ± 75.50 b 3563.35 ± 47.25 d 3583.53 ± 64.22 d 3554.52 ± 68.54 c 0.00 CRF 3492.18 ± 114.74 b 3675.63 ± 54.66 c 3656.33 ± 88.15 c 3608.05 ± 84.01 c 1.51 CF + OF 3914.74 ± 88.46 a 3946.49 ± 69.17 b 3943.76 ± 63.98 b 3934.98 ± 75.43 b 10.70 CF 70% + OF 3922.54 ± 62.50 a 3952.80 ± 73.23 b 3920.15 ± 32.54 b 3931.83 ± 53.87 b 10.61 CRF + OF 3965.60 ± 87.62 a 4042.17 ± 43.21 a 4154.91 ± 72.21 a 4054.21 ±55.11 a 14.01 CRF 70% + OF 3921.22 ± 93.65 a 4050.74 ± 56.26 a 4180.62 ± 74.54 a 4050.80 ± 60.40 a 13.96 注:同列不同小写字母表示差异达5%显著水平。下同 表 3 不同施肥处理的茶叶经济效益分析
Table 3. Effects of different fertilization treatments on the economic benefits of tea
处理
Treatment总收入
Total revenue
(104 yuan hm−2 yr−1)肥料成本
Fertilizer cost
(104 yuan hm−2 yr−1)施肥人工成本
Labor cost of fertilization
(104 yuan hm−2 yr−1)其他成本
Other costs
(104 yuan hm−2 yr−1)净收入
Net profit
(104 yuan hm−2 yr−1)较CF增收
Change compared to CF
(%)CF 14.22 ±0.27 d 0.31 f 0.60 a 5.50 a 7.81 ± 0.070 e 0.00 CRF 14.43 ± 0.33 c 0.60 e 0.15 b 5.50 a 8.18 ± 0.10 d 4.80 CF + OF 15.74 ± 0.30 b 1.21 c 0.60 a 5.50 a 8.43 ± 0.06 c 7.96 CF 70% + OF 15.73 ± 0.21 b 1.12 d 0.60 a 5.50 a 8.51 ± 0.05 c 9.00 CRF + OF 16.23 ± 0.22 a 1.50 a 0.15 b 5.50 a 9.07 ± 0.05 b 16.14 CRF 70% + OF 16.20 ± 0.24 a 1.32 b 0.15 b 5.50 a 9.23 ± 0.10 a 18.27 注:普通尿素、磷酸二铵、硫酸钾、控释复合肥、有机肥的价格分别为:2180,3045,3000,4000,2750 yuan t−1。施肥用工:每次每公顷1500元。其它成本包括:修剪、灌溉、越冬防护、病虫害防治等。 表 4 不同施肥模式的茶叶水浸出物含量(2018年)
Table 4. The contents of tea water extracted by different fertilization treatments in 2018
处理
Treatment春茶
Spring tea
(mg g−1)夏茶
Summer tea
(mg g−1)秋茶
Autumn tea
(mg g−1)CF 413.26 ± 5.25 b 364.64 ± 3.21 d 397.82 ± 5.54 c CRF 414.48 ± 4.17 b 376.91 ± 8.43 c 401.79 ± 7.88 c CF + OF 427.11 ± 8.01 a 394.76 ± 3.78 b 420.64 ± 6.92 a CF 70% + OF 425.46 ± 7.23 a 396.44 ± 1.63 b 411.83 ± 2.78 b CRF + OF 427.63 ± 5.15 a 400.25 ± 2.15 a 419.36 ± 4.66 a CRF 70% + OF 431.67 ± 7.66 a 401.71 ± 3.42 a 421.51 ± 6.01 a 表 5 不同施肥模式的茶叶茶多酚含量(2018年)
Table 5. The contents of tea polyphenols under different fertilization treatments in 2018
处理
Treatment春茶
Spring tea
(mg g−1)夏茶
Summer tea
(mg g−1)秋茶
Autumn tea
(mg g−1)CF 222.61 ± 4.43 a 275.30 ± 4.62 a 241.33 ±2.33 a CRF 219.20 ± 3.72 a 261.52 ± 5.60 b 238.45 ± 2.74 a CF + OF 211.44 ± 4.53 b 251.93 ± 4.33 c 233.29 ± 3.01 b CF 70% + OF 212.36 ± 3.23 b 247.37 ± 3.74 c 234.85 ± 2.22 b CRF + OF 211.82 ± 4.25 b 240.01 ± 2.17 d 233.58 ± 3.65 b CRF 70% + OF 211.47 ± 4.56 b 240.79 ± 2.46 d 235.12 ± 2.17 b 表 6 不同施肥模式的茶叶游离氨基酸总量(2018年)
Table 6. Total free amino acid contents under different fertilization treatments in 2018
处理
Treatment氨基酸含量
Total free amino acid
(mg g−1)春茶
Spring tea夏茶
Summer tea秋茶
Autumn teaCF 29.73 ± 0.11 b 18.45 ± 0.78 c 22.35 ± 0.25 d CRF 30.55 ± 0.24 b 19.93 ± 0.33 b 23.73 ± 0.73 c CF + OF 37.59 ± 0.38 a 24.00 ± 0.61 a 27.56 ± 0.28 b CF 70% + OF 37.26 ± 0.83 a 23.81 ± 0.52 a 26.93 ± 0.41 b CRF + OF 37.91 ± 0.75 a 24.56 ± 0.73 a 28.97 ± 0.34 a CRF 70% + OF 37.46 ± 1.02 a 24.13 ± 1.14 a 28.57 ± 0.11 a 表 7 不同施肥模式的茶叶酚氨比(2018年)
Table 7. The phenol ammonia ratio under different fertilization treatments in 2018
处理
Treatment酚氨比
The phenol ammonia ratio春茶
Spring tea夏茶
Summer tea秋茶
Autumn teaCF 7.51 ± 0.27 a 15.09 ± 0.38 a 10.81 ± 0.43 a CRF 7.22 ± 0.22 a 13.11 ± 0.26 b 10.10 ± 0.38 a CF + OF 5.60 ± 0.09 b 10.56 ± 0.49 c 8.52 ± 0.33 b CF 70% + OF 5.76 ± 0.11 b 10.42 ± 0.55 c 8.71 ± 0.28 b CRF + OF 5.61 ± 0.06 b 9.88 ± 0.59 c 8.10 ± 0.64 b CRF 70% + OF 5.72 ± 0.10 b 10.06 ± 0.31 c 8.26 ± 0.40 b 表 8 不同施肥模式下茶园0 ~ 20 cm土壤pH、有机质、全氮、无机氮含量(2018年)
Table 8. The contents of soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, and inorganic nitrogen in the 0 ~ 20 cm depth under different fertilization treatments in 2018
处理
TreatmentpH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg−1)全氮
Total N
(g kg−1)无机氮
Inorganic N
(g kg−1)CF 5.25 ± 0.05 b 10.46 ± 0.05b 1.04 ± 0.04 b 62.57 ± 2.43 d CRF 5.29 ± 0.04 b 10.56 ± 0.06 b 1.07 ± 0.02 b 68.44 ± 1.52 c CF + OF 5.36 ± 0.02 a 11.54 ± 0.01 a 1.34 ± 0.02 a 73.67 ± 1.89 b CF 70% + OF 5.37 ± 0.03 a 11.54 ± 0.05 a 1.30 ± 0.03 a 71.30 ± 1.32 b CRF + OF 5.38 ± 0.02 a 11.58 ± 0.06 a 1.33 ± 0.04 a 82.65 ± 2.42 a CRF 70% + OF 5.37 ± 0.06 a 11.60 ± 0.03 a 1.33 ± 0.01 a 79.96 ± 1.70 a -
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