Abstract: The unreasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer leads to low nitrogen utilization rate in agricultural production, lead to serious losses by gas volatilization, runoff and leaching. On the basis of previous studies, this paper summarized the use and loss of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in rice-wheat rotation system, compared the loss and main components of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer respectively in wheat and rice production, analyzed the factors which effected the efficient utilization of inorganic nitrogen. While some measures were suggested to improve the utilization rate of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in rice-wheat production, as planting nitrogen efficient varieties, combining organic and inorganic fertilizer application, nitrogen fertilizer management and improvement of field cultivation management. Finally, some suggestions were put forward from three aspects: the breeding and application of nitrogen efficient varieties, the influence of soil residual nitrogen and the optimization of fertilizer application technology in order to promote the high efficiency of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in rice-wheat rotation production.