生物炭施用对麦田土壤团聚体机械稳定性及春小麦产量的影响

惠超; 杨卫君; 宋世龙; 陈雨欣; 张金汕; 贾永红; 魏海鹏; 徐万里

doi:10.19336/j.cnki.trtb.2021061201

生物炭施用对麦田土壤团聚体机械稳定性及春小麦产量的影响

Effects of Biochar Application on Mechanical Stability of Soil Aggregates and Yield of Spring Wheat

摘要

摘要:
目的研究生物炭添加对灌区麦田土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及作物产量的影响，阐明土壤及作物对生物炭培肥效果的响应，为灌区麦田土壤结构改良和合理培肥制度建立提供理论依据。
方法试验采用裂区设计，氮肥（纯氮）用量设0、150 kg hm⁻²两个水平，每一氮肥用量下设生物炭用量0，10，20，30 t hm⁻² 4个水平，通过2年（2018 ~ 2020年）田间定位试验，利用干筛法得到了不同粒级土壤团聚体含量，对土壤团聚体稳定性指标和春小麦产量进行对比分析。
结果与不添加生物炭相比，添加生物炭显著提高了 > 5 mm、2 ~ 5 mm粒级土壤团聚体含量（P < 0.05），增幅范围为10.2% ~ 29.2%、8.3% ~ 10.2%；施用生物炭20 t hm⁻²时土壤团聚体平均重量直径及几何重量直径增幅最为显著(P < 0.05)，较不施生物炭处理相比分别增加了21.4%和32.3%；生物炭配施氮肥春小麦增产效果优于单施生物炭处理；土壤团聚体几何重量直径与春小麦产量之间呈显著的正相关关系。
结论生物炭施用对灌区麦田土壤大团聚体形成及其稳定性提升效果显著，有利于改良土壤，提升春小麦产量。在本试验条件下，单施生物炭20 t hm⁻²时土壤团聚体稳定性最强，生物炭20 t hm⁻²与纯氮150 kg hm⁻²配施时产量最高，与对照相比春小麦增产达42.7%。

Abstract:
Objective To study the effects of biochar addition on soil aggregate distribution, stability and crop yield in irrigated wheat fields, and to clarify the response of soil and crops to biochar fertilizer cultivation, this study provided a theoretical basis for soil structure improvement and establishment of reasonable fertilizer cultivation system in irrigated wheat fields.
Methods The experiment adopted split plot design, nitrogen (N) application was set at two levels of 0 and 150 N kg hm⁻², and biochar application was set at four levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30 t hm⁻² for each N application. Through a 2-year (2018-2020) field located experiment, soil aggregate contents of different grain sizes were obtained by dry screening method. Soil aggregate stability index and spring wheat yield were compared and analyzed.
Result Compared with no biochar addition, biochar addition significantly increased soil aggregate content of > 5 mm and 2-5 mm (P < 0.05), with an increase range of 10.2%-29.2% and 8.3%-10.2%. The average weight diameter and geometric weight diameter of soil aggregates with 20 t hm⁻² biochar application increased by 21.4% and 32.3%, respectively, compared with that without biochar application (P < 0.05). The yield increase of spring wheat treated with biochar combined with N fertilizer was better than that treated with biochar alone. There was a significant positive correlation between soil aggregate geometric weight diameter and spring wheat yield
Conclusion Biochar application has a significant effect on the formation and stability of soil aggregates in irrigated wheat fields, which is beneficial to soil improvement and spring wheat yield. Under the experimental conditions, the soil aggregate stability was the highest when the biochar 20 t hm⁻² was applied alone, and the yield of spring wheat was the highest when biochar 20 t hm⁻² was applied with 150 kg N hm⁻², which increased by 42.7% compared with the control.

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