Effects of Combined Application of Biochar and Foliar Selenium Spray on Cd Uptake by Lettuce and Cd Forms in Soil
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摘要:
目的 为探明生菜吸收富集镉的能力对生物炭与叶面硒肥的响应程度,抑制有毒有害元素镉的吸收。 方法 通过盆栽试验,以生菜为研究对象,在镉污染土壤中添加生物炭,并在生菜叶片上喷硒处理,探索了生物炭与叶面喷硒的联合施用对镉污染土壤理化指标(pH和有机碳)和土壤不同形态镉含量以及对生菜镉吸收累积的影响。 结果 ① 土壤中添加生物炭与叶面硒肥都可以有效降低生菜可食部镉含量,其中喷施低浓度硒的效果更好。当生物炭添加量为30 g kg−1,叶面喷硒浓度为1 mg L−1时,生菜地上部镉含量由0.314 mg kg−1降至0.049 mg kg−1,低于国家食品安全标准(GB 2762—2017)中规定的叶菜类镉限量值0.20 mg kg−1。② 镉胁迫下,添加生物炭与叶面硒肥的交互作用对生菜镉含量和镉富集与转运能力均产生了显著性的影响,相对于生菜根部镉含量,添加生物炭的效应高于叶面硒肥的效应,而对于地上部镉含量,叶面硒肥的效应高于添加生物炭的效应。③ 生物炭添加可通过改善土壤pH和有机碳含量降低酸可提取态、可还原态、可氧化态镉的比例,增加残渣态镉的比例,从而有效地降低生菜对土壤中镉的吸收累积,减少生菜中镉含量。 结论 综合来看,生物炭与叶面硒肥联合施用可以降低生菜镉含量,其效果明显高于两者单独施用的效果,为无公害蔬菜的种植提供理论指导。 Abstract:Objective In order to find out the response degree of lettuce absorbing cadmium (Cd) to biochar and foliar spraying selenium, the absorption of Cd by lettuce and the forms of Cd in soil are needed to be clarified. Method A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of biochar and foliar spraying selenium on the absorption and accumulation of Cd in lettuce, the effects of combined application of biochar and foliar spraying selenium on soil physical and chemical indices (pH and organic carbon) , Cd content of different soil forms and Cd uptake were studied. Result The results showed that: ① Adding biochar to soil and spraying selenium on leaves effectively reduced Cd content in edible part of lettuce, among which spraying low concentration selenium has better effect. When the amount of biochar was 30 g kg−1 and the concentration of selenium sprayed on leaves was 1 mg L−1, the Cd content in lettuce shoots decreased from 0.314 mg kg−1 to 0.049 mg kg−1, which was lower than the limit of 0.20 mg kg−1 for leafy vegetables stipulated in the National Food Safety Standard (GB 2762—2017). ② Under Cd stress, the interaction between biochar and foliar sprayed selenium has a significant impact on Cd content and Cd accumulation and transportation ability of lettuce. Compared with the Cd content in lettuce roots, the effect of biochar was higher than that of foliar sprayed selenium, while the effect of foliar sprayed selenium is higher than that of biochar for the Cd content in shoot. ③ The addition of biochar reduced the proportion of acid extractable, reducible and oxidizable Cd and increase the proportion of residual Cd by changing the soil pH and organic carbon content, thus effectively reducing the Cd absorption and enrichment by lettuce. Conclusion The combined application of biochar and foliar sprayed selenium can reduce the Cd content of lettuce and provide theoretical guidance for the cultivation of pollution-free vegetables. -
Key words:
- Cadmium /
- Biomass carbon /
- Foliar spraying selenium /
- Lettuce /
- Soil
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表 1 供试土壤的基本性质
Table 1. Basic properties of the tested soil
pH 土壤有机碳(g kg−1)
Soil organic
carbon全氮(g kg−1)
Total nitrogen速效磷(mg kg−1)
Available
Phosphorus速效钾(mg kg−1)
Available
Potassium碱解氮(mg kg−1)
Alkali-hydrolyzed
nitrogen电导率(ms cm−1)
Electrical
conductanceCd含量(mg kg−1)
Cd content8.30 7.88 0.86 23.19 110.94 56.23 3.77 痕量 表 2 供试生物炭的基本性质
Table 2. Basic properties of the tested biochar
裂解温度
Cracking temperature
(℃)pH 元素含量(%)
Element content灰分含量
Ash content
(%)比表面积
Specific surface area
(m2 g−1)Cd含量
Cd content
(mg kg−1)C N P K Ca Mg 500 9.21 53.28 1.04 0.26 0.51 0.80 0.47 35.64 11.3 痕量 表 3 试验处理
Table 3. Experimental treatment
试验处理编号
Treatment No.处理名称
Treatment生物炭用量(g kg−1)
Amount of biochar喷硒浓度(mg L−1)
Concentration of spraying selenium1 CK 0 0 2 S1 0 1 3 S2 0 3 4 B 30 0 5 BS1 30 1 6 BS2 30 3 表 4 生物炭与叶面硒肥对土壤pH、有机碳和不同形态Cd的效应
Table 4. Effects of biochar and foliar spraying selenium on soil pH, organic carbon and Cd forms
因子
FactorpH 土壤有机碳
Soil organic carbon酸可提取态 Cd
Extractable Cd可还原态Cd
Reducible Cd可氧化态Cd
Oxidizable Cd残渣态Cd
Residua CdB 183.60*** 37729.90*** 38335.35*** 70.94*** 613.90*** 25300.08*** Se 0.10 n.s. 2.76 n.s. 0.33 n.s. 0.04 n.s. 0.84 n.s. 0.01 n.s. B × Se 0.24 n.s. 0.73 n.s. 0.26 n.s. 0.21 n.s. 0.00 n.s. 0.01 n.s. 注: 表中B为生物炭,Se为叶面喷硒;*,**,***分别表示P ≤ 0.05,P ≤ 0.01和P ≤ 0.001,n.s.表示P > 0.05;表中数值为F值检验值,下同。 表 5 不同处理Cd生物富集系数与转运系数的变化情况
Table 5. Changes of bio-enrichment and translocation coefficients under different treatments
处理
Treatment生物富集系数
Bio-enrichment coefficient转运系数
Translocation coefficient叶/土
Leaf/soil根/土
Root/soilCK 0.27 ± 0.012 Bb 0.65 ± 0.006 Aa 0.41 ± 0.018 Bb S1 0.20 ± 0.005 Cc 0.64 ± 0.020 Aa 0.31 ± 0.008 Cc S2 0.27 ± 0.014 Bb 0.59 ± 0.004 Bb 0.45 ± 0.021 Bb B 0.21 ± 0.023 Cc 0.48 ± 0.015 Cc 0.45 ± 0.035 Bb BS1 0.05 ± 0.009 Dd 0.23 ± 0.015 Ee 0.22 ± 0.027 Dd BS2 0.31 ± 0.006 Aa 0.33 ± 0.005 Dd 0.93 ± 0.022 Aa 表 6 添加生物炭与叶面喷硒对生菜Cd富集与转运能力的效应
Table 6. Effects of biochar and foliar selenium fertilizer on Cd accumulation and translocation in lettuce
因子
Factor生物量
Biomass地上部Cd
Cd in shoot
(mg kg−1)根部Cd
Cd in root
(mg kg−1)生物富集系数
Bio-enrichment coefficient转运系数
Translocation coefficient叶/土 根/土 B 1905.27*** 274.11*** 7003.27*** 81.22**** 2330.88**** 159.66*** Se 540.04*** 293.96*** 346.44*** 248.86*** 193.97*** 509.66*** B × Se 487.02*** 95.47*** 244.50*** 79.92*** 143.09*** 248.67*** 表 7 土壤pH、SOC与土壤Cd和生菜各器官中Cd含量的相关性分析
Table 7. Correlation analysis of soil pH and SOC with Cd contents in soil and lettuce
指标
ItempH SOC 酸可提取态Cd
Extractable Cd
(mg kg−1)可还原态Cd
Reducible Cd
(mg kg−1)可氧化态Cd
Oxidizable Cd
(mg kg−1)残渣态Cd
Residual Cd
(mg kg−1)地上部Cd
Cd in shoot
(mg kg−1)地下部cd
Cd in root
(mg kg−1)pH 1.000 SOC 0.969** 1.000 酸可提取态 −0.968** −1.000** 1.000 可还原态 −0.875** −0.919** 0.922** 1.000 可氧化态 −0.967** −0.990** 0.989** 0.897** 1.000 残渣态 0.963** 0.999** −0.999** −0.921** −0.989** 1.000 地上部Cd含量 −0.504* −0.508* 0.512* 0.470* 0.517* −0.505* 1.000 地下部Cd含量 −0.909** −0.928** 0.925** 0.842** 0.930** −0.923** 0.618** 1.000 注:表中*,**,分别表示 P ≤ 0.05(显著相关),P ≤ 0.01(极显著相关);数据为5次重复数据。 -
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