不同施氮水平下青贮玉米农田土壤酶活性时空分布特征

白岚方; 张向前; 张德健; 路战远; 王玉芬; 白云鹤

doi:10.19336/j.cnki.trtb.2021102703

不同施氮水平下青贮玉米农田土壤酶活性时空分布特征

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Soil Enzyme Activities in Silage Maize Fields under Different Nitrogen Application Levels

摘要

摘要:
目的研究氮肥施用下青贮玉米田土壤酶活性时空变化特征，为内蒙古中部青贮玉米高产高效栽培提供理论依据。
方法以“种星青饲1号”为供试材料，设置0(N0)、120 (N8)、180(N12)、240(N16)、300(N20)和360(N24) kg hm⁻² 6个氮肥梯度，系统分析2018 ~ 2019年不同处理青贮玉米田土壤酶活性在5个生育期和0 ~ 40 cm土体的时空变化特征，并探究了青贮玉米产量对施氮水平的响应。
结果青贮玉米田土壤酶活性在不同施氮处理、生育期于0 ~ 40 cm土体中存在显著差异（P < 0.05），随着玉米生育期的延长，青贮玉米田土壤酶活性呈“抛物线”型变化，大喇叭口期－抽雄期最高。相比0 ~ 20 cm土层，较深的土层增加了过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的同时降低了脲酶（UA）活性。增施氮肥有效促进蔗糖酶（IA）、碱性磷酸酶（APA）、脲酶活性及玉米产量的增加，且施氮量为240 kg hm⁻²（N16）时集中呈现出酶活性及产量峰值。2018年与2019年N16处理玉米生物鲜重分别较其他处理高出了8.07% ~ 65.88%和7.11% ~ 59.84%。生物产量分别较其他处理高出了20.20% ~ 93.97%和5.21% ~ 100.72%。产量指标与APA、IA、CAT间存在显著正相关关系，IA及UA在反映土壤肥力水平方面具有较高的灵敏性。
结论施入氮肥一定程度上影响了青贮玉米田土壤肥力及青贮玉米产量，当施氮量为240 kg hm⁻²时，可有效增强土壤酶活性，提高土壤养分含量，增加青贮玉米产量。

Abstract:
Objective To reveal the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil enzyme activities in silage maize field under the nitrogen (N) application, the theoretical and practical basis will be provided for high yield and efficient cultivation of silage maize in central Inner Mongolia.
Methods The “Zhongxing silage 1” was used as the experimental material, and six N treatments 0 (N0), 120 (N8), 180 (N12), 240 (N16), 300 (N20), 360 (N24) kg hm⁻² were set up to systematically analyze the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil enzyme activities in a silage maize field at five growth stages and 0-40 cm soil layers from 2018 to 2019, and the response of silage maize yield indices to N application levels was discussed.
Results There were significant differences in soil enzyme activity in silage maize field under different N application treatments, growth period under 0-40 cm soil layer (P < 0.05 ). With the prolongation of the maize growth period, the soil enzyme activities of the silage maize field changed in a parabolic shape and the highest from the trumpet period to the tasseling stage. Compared with the 0-20 cm soil layer, the catalase (CAT) activities increased while urease (UA) activities decreased in the deeper soil layer. The activities of invertase (IA), alkaline phosphatase (APA), urease, and the yield of silage maize were increased effectively by N application, and the peak values of invertase activities and yield were concentrated when the N application rate was 240 kg ha⁻¹ (N16). In 2018 and 2019, biomass fresh weight in N16 treatment was 8.07%-65.88% and 7.11%-59.84% higher than those of other treatments, respectively. The biological yield was 20.20%-93.97% and 5.21%-100.72% higher than those of other treatments, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation among yield indices and APA, IA, and CAT. IA and UA had higher sensitivity in reflecting soil fertility levels.
Conclusion N application affects soil fertility and yield of silage maize to a certain extent. When the N application rate is 240 kg hm⁻², soil enzyme activities are effectively enhanced, soil nutrients are improved, and the yield of silage maize is increased.

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