Effects of Bentonite and Manure on Fertility and Economic Benefit of Purple Soil under Straw Mulching
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摘要:
目的 明确施用膨润土和有机肥对紫色土秸秆还田下土壤肥力及经济效益的影响,探讨提高紫色土区秸秆还田转化效率的技术方法,实现秸秆资源的高效利用。 方法 应用田间小区试验方法并结合多元统计分析,比较玉米-油菜轮作模式下,紫色土秸秆覆盖还田时施用膨润土和有机肥对土壤肥力、作物产量及年均收益等方面的差异。 结果 施用膨润土和有机肥可分别使土壤容重降低12.31%和18.78%,土壤全量和速效氮、磷、钾含量分别增加27.42% ~ 71.39%和14.98% ~ 86.11%。同时,施用膨润土和施用有机肥对增加土壤有机碳及作物产量也具有较好的促进作用。在考虑产出-投入成本的情况下进行经济效益分析,发现施用膨润土和有机肥后玉米-油菜的年均产量当量分别提高了28.15%和28.73%,年均产值分别增加了0.31和0.81万元hm−2。通过灰色关联分析、主成分分析及聚类分析,发现土壤含水量和环境日均温差是施用膨润土和有机肥提升秸秆覆盖还田紫色土中作物产量的关键调控因子。 结论 在秸秆覆盖还田紫色土区,通过施用膨润土和有机肥可有效提高土壤有机质及养分库容,改善土壤结构,促进作物增产增收,其中以施用膨润土效果更佳。 Abstract:Objective The effects of bentonite and manure on soil fertility and economic benefit of purple soil are determined under straw mulching, and the technical methods that can improve the conversion efficiency are investigated, which realizes the efficient utilization of straw resources. Method The field plot experiment combined with multivariate statistical analysis was conducted to compare the effects of bentonite and manure on soil fertility and crop yield in maize-rape rotation system under straw mulching. Result Compared with pure straw mulching, the addition of bentonite and organic fertilizer could reduce soil bulk density by 12.31% and 18.78%, and increase soil total and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents by 27.42%-71.39% and 14.98%-86.11%, respectively. Moreover, the application of bentonite and manure also had a positive effect on the increase of soil organic carbon and the increase of crop yield. Through further economic analysis, it was found that the average annual yield equivalents of the maize-rape rotation system after application of bentonite and organic fertilizer were increased by 28.15%-28.73%, and the average annual yield benefits were increased by 3.1-8.1 thousand Yuan ha−1. Besides, soil moisture content and daily temperature difference were ones of the regulatory factors for bentonite and manure on annual yield in the maize-rape rotation system of purple soil. Conclusion The application of bentonite and manure could improve the soil structure, enhance the storage capacity of soil organic matter and nutrients, and increase crop yield and output value income under straw mulching. And, the application of bentonite had a better effect than manure application. -
Key words:
- Straw mulching /
- Manure /
- Bentonite /
- Soil fertility /
- Yield equivalent /
- Yield benefit
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图 2 不同处理下油菜-玉米轮作系统作物均产与土壤理化指标间的聚类树
Yield,均产量;BW,土壤容重;Por,孔隙度;DAT,日均温;DTD,日均温差;MCM,质量含水量;MCV,体积含水量;SOC,土壤有机碳;TN,全氮;TP,全磷;TK,全钾;AN,碱解氮;AP,有效磷;AK,速效钾;C/N,碳氮比;C/P,碳磷比;C/K,碳钾比;N/P,氮磷比;N/K,氮钾比;P/K,磷钾比;CK,单独秸秆覆盖还田;T1,秸秆覆盖还田下施用膨润土;T2,秸秆覆盖还田下施用有机肥。
Figure 2. Clustering tree between mean crop yield and soil physical and chemical indices in rape-maize rotation system under different treatments
表 1 施用膨润土和有机肥对秸秆覆盖还田紫色土物理指标的影响
Table 1. Effects of bentonite and manure on physical indices of purple soil with straw mulching
处理
Treatment容重 (g cm−3)
Bulk density孔隙度 (%)
Porosity含水量 (%)
Moisture content日均温 (℃)
Daily average temperature日温差 (℃)
Daily temperature differenceCK 1.29 ± 0.03 a 50.01 ± 1.15 b 12.92 ± 0.31 b 29.83 ± 0.52 a 7.22 ± 0.19 a T1 1.05 ± 0.03 b 59.01 ± 0.68 a 15.34 ± 0.27 a 29.43 ± 0.76 a 6.78 ± 0.18 ab T2 1.13 ± 0.03 b 52.03 ± 1.5 b 14.87 ± 0.39 a 29.11 ± 0.42 a 6.62 ± 0.13 b 注:CK,T1和T2分别表示单独秸秆覆盖还田处理,秸秆覆盖还田下施用膨润土处理和施用有机肥处理;不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05),下同。 表 2 施用膨润土和有机肥对秸秆覆盖还田紫色土养分含量的影响
Table 2. Effects of bentonite and manure on nutrient indices of purple soil with straw mulching
处理
Treatment有机碳(g kg−1)
Soil organic carbon全氮(g kg−1)
Total nitrogen全磷(g kg−1)
Total phosphorus全钾(g kg−1)
Total potassium碱解氮(mg kg−1)
Available nitrogen有效磷(mg kg−1)
Available phosphorus速效钾(mg kg−1)
Available potassiumCK 4.81 ± 0.11 c 0.62 ± 0.01 a 0.5 ± 0.01 c 12.94 ± 0.26 c 64.94 ± 1.34 b 12.44 ± 0.32 c 90.4 ± 1.04 b T1 7.15 ± 0.15 b 0.78 ± 0.01 b 0.76 ± 0.02 b 20.72 ± 0.36 b 79.93 ± 1.17 a 20.63 ± 0.42 b 103.95 ± 2.7 a T2 7.8 ± 0.16 a 0.85 ± 0.02 c 0.82 ± 0.02 a 22.18 ± 0.58 a 83.63 ± 1.72 a 23.15 ± 0.54 a 107.38 ± 2.52 a 表 3 施用膨润土和有机肥对秸秆覆盖还田紫色土元素计量比的影响
Table 3. Effects of bentonite and manure on element metering ratio of purple soil with straw mulching
处理
Treatment碳氮比
C/N碳磷比
C/P碳钾比
C/K氮磷比
N/P氮钾比(%)
N/K磷钾比(%)
P/KCK 7.64 ± 0.12 c 9.44 ± 0.16 ab 0.37 ± 0.01 a 1.24 ± 0.01 a 4.79 ± 0.03 a 3.88 ± 0.03 a T1 8.96 ± 0.01 b 9.26 ± 0.19 b 0.34 ± 0.04 c 1.03 ± 0.02 b 3.84 ± 0.06 b 3.72 ± 0.08 b T2 9.31 ± 0.11 a 9.77 ± 0.18 a 0.36 ± 0.04 b 1.05 ± 0.01 b 3.83 ± 0.02 b 3.65 ± 0.06 b 表 4 不同处理下油菜-玉米轮作系统作物均产与土壤理化指标间的相关性
Table 4. Correlation between mean crop yield and soil physical and chemical indices in rape-maize rotation system under different treatments
指标
Index作物均产
Mean crop yieldCK T1 T2 容重 −0.742* 0.22 −0.16 孔隙度 −0.53 0.06 −0.38 质量含水量 −0.30 0.30 0.15 日均温 −0.62 0.43 −0.38 日温差 −0.32 0.63 −0.26 有机碳 −0.06 0.01 −0.17 全氮 −0.35 −0.705* 0.03 全磷 0.25 0.26 0.26 全钾 −0.07 0.11 −0.31 碱解氮 −0.34 −0.66 0.18 有效磷 −0.06 0.38 0.17 速效钾 0.65 0.34 0.19 碳氮比 −0.17 −0.51 −0.22 碳磷比 −0.06 −0.62 0.19 碳钾比 0.21 −0.04 0.01 氮磷比 0.58 0.67* 0.25 氮钾比 0.34 −0.46 −0.56 磷钾比 −0.55 0.86** −0.08 注:*表示显著性关系(P < 0.05),**表示极显著关系(P < 0.01)。 表 5 不同处理土壤理化指标与作物产量的灰色关联度
Table 5. Grey correlation degree between soil physical and chemical indices and crop yield in different treatments
指标
IndexCK T1 T2 容重 0.817 0.821 0.825 孔隙度 0.887 0.897 0.892 体积水分含量 0.862 0.862 0.865 质量含水量 0.833 0.838 0.842 日均温 0.857 0.856 0.865 日温差 0.825 0.827 0.832 有机碳 0.821 0.827 0.833 全氮 0.816 0.825 0.825 全磷 0.816 0.825 0.825 全钾 0.833 0.844 0.852 碱解氮 0.909 0.931 0.935 有效磷 0.832 0.847 0.85 速效钾 0.953 0.975 0.974 碳氮比 0.825 0.831 0.835 碳磷比 0.828 0.831 0.836 碳钾比 0.816 0.819 0.824 氮磷比 0.817 0.822 0.825 氮钾比 0.821 0.824 0.828 磷钾比 0.822 0.823 0.828 表 6 不同处理土壤理化指标主成分的特征值和累积贡献比
Table 6. Eigenvalues and cumulative contribution proportions of principle components of the soil physical and chemical indices in different treatments
处理
Treatment主成分
Principal component特征值
Eigenvalue贡献率 (%)
Contribution rate累积贡献率 (%)
Accumulative contribution rate综合得分
Comprehensive scoreCK 1 4.167 56.12 56.12 1.62 2 2.182 27.33 83.45 1.15 3 1.674 8.81 92.25 0.88 T1 1 6.088 64.96 64.96 1.84 2 2.106 20.01 84.97 1.01 3 1.092 8.23 93.2 0.47 T2 1 5.093 60.75 60.75 1.87 2 1.927 25.97 86.97 1.16 3 1.086 5.72 92.45 0.42 -
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